Exploring the Networks of Relationships Between the 5Cs of Positive Youth Development Through Sport

Resumen

El modelo teórico de las 5C (carácter, confianza, competencia, conexión y cariño) es una teoría prometedora para evaluar el desarrollo positivo de los jóvenes (DPJ) a través del deporte. Dada la escasez de estudios que evalúen esta interrelación en el contexto brasileño, el objetivo del presente estudio fue explorar las redes de relación de las 5C que se constituyen. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 308 deportistas de entre 14 y 24 años (M=18, 5±2.35, 54.9% mujeres), que respondieron a una batería de medidas de las 5C en el deporte. Se empleó el análisis de red, produciendo 6 grupos de ítems. Los resultados del gráfico de red sugirieron que los ítems carácter (2: Líder en el grupo; 5: Soy mejor que otros) y competencia (32: habilidad para ser un líder) son nodos centrales, mientras que las medidas de centralidad identificaron la conexión entrenador-atleta (42: Con mi entrenador, estoy dispuesto a dar lo mejor de mí; 43: Con mi entrenador, adopto una postura amistosa) como de mayor impacto que los clústeres. Los resultados corroboraron la fundamentación teórica, que destaca el papel de la relación entrenador-atleta en el DPJ a través del deporte. La aplicación de estas prácticas se presenta en este artículo.

Palabras clave:

Psicología del Deporte psicometría evaluación psicológica

Citas

Anderson-Butcher, D., Wade-Mdivanian, R., Paluta, L., Lower, L., Amorose, A., & Davis, J. (2014). Life Sports. Learning in Fitness and Education. Annual Report 2012-2013. College of Social Work, Ohio State University.

Ato, M., López-García, J. J., & Benavente, A. (2013). Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 29(3), 1038-1059. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511

Bean, C., Kramers, S., Forneris, T., & Camiré, M. (2018). The Implicit/Explicit Continuum of Life Skills Development and Transfer. Quest, 70(4), 456-470. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2018.1451348

Borgatti, S. P. (2005). Centrality and Network Flow. Social Networks, 27(1), 55–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2004.11.008

Borrueco, M., Ramis, Y., Pallarès, S., & Cruz, J. (2020). Aplicación del modelo de las 5Cs para la formación de entrenadores: Un ejemplo de práctica basada en la evidencia. Revista de Psicología Aplicada al Deporte y al Ejercicio Físico, 5(1), Article e8. https://doi.org/10.5093/rpadef2020a3

Campos, D. (2022). Escala dos 5C’s do Desenvolvimento Positivo de Jovens no Esporte: Construção e Evidências de Validade [Master’s thesis]. Universidade São Francisco.

Chen, J., & Chen, Z. (2008). Extended Bayesian information criteria for model selection with large model spaces. Biometrika, 95(3), 759–771. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/asn034

Compton, W. C. (2005). An introduction to positive psychology. Thomson Wadsworth.

Costantini, G., Richetin, J., Preti, E., Casini, E., Epskamp, S., & Perugini, M. (2019). Stability and Variability of Personality Networks. A Tutorial on Recent Developments in Network Psychometrics. Personality and Individual Differences, 136, 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.011

Côté, J., Buner, M. W., Erickson, K. Strachan, L., & Fraser-Thomas, J. (2010). Athlete Development and Coaching. In J. Lyle, & C. Cushion (Eds.), Sport Coaching: Professionalism and Practice (pp. 63-79). Elsevier.

Côté, J., Turnnidge, J., & Vierimaa, M. (2016). A Personal Assets Approach to Youth Sport. In K. Green, & A. Smith (Eds), Routledge Handbook of Youth Sport (pp. 273-286). Routledge.

Cox, R. H., Martens, M. P., & Russell, W. D. (2003). Measuring Anxiety in Athletics: The Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25(4), 519-533. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.4.519

Crozier, A. J., Mosewich, A. D., & Ferguson, L. J. (2019). The Company we Keep: Exploring the Relationship Between Perceived Teammate Self-compassion and athlete Self-compassion. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 40, 152-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.10.005

Csardi, G., & Nepusz, T. (2006). The Igraph Software Package for Complex Network Research. InterJournal, Complex Systems, Article 1695. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221995787_The_Igraph_Software_Package_for_Complex_Network_Research

Davis, L., Brown, D. J., Arnold, R., & Gustafsson, H. (2021). Thriving Through Relationships in Sport: The Role of the Parent–athlete and Coach–athlete Attachment Relationship. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 694599. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.694599

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Motivation, Personality, and Development Within Embedded Social Contexts: An Overview of Self-determination Theory. In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of Human Motivation (pp. 85–107). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399820.013.0006

Dunn, J. C., Dunn, J. G. H., & Bayduza, A. (2007). Perceived Athletic Competence, Sociometric Status, and Loneliness in Elementary School Children. Journal of Sport Behavior, 30(3), 249-269.

Dvorsky, M. R., Kofler, M. J., Burns, G. L., Luebbe, A. M., Garner, A. A., Jarret, M. A., Soto, E. F., & Becker, S. P. (2019). Factor Structure and Criterion Validity of the Five Cs Model of Positive Youth Development in a Multi-university Sample of College Students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(2), 537–553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0938-y

Esperança, J. L., Dias, C., Brustad, R. J., & Fonseca, A. M. (2018). Desenvolvimento positivo dos jovens: Estudo exploratório realizado com estudantes portugueses. Análise Psicológica, 36(4), 427-437. https://doi.org/10.14417/ap.1420

Fan, J., Feng, Y., & Wu, Y. (2009). Network Exploration Via the Adaptive LASSO and SCAD Penalties. The Annals of Applied Statistics, 3(2), 521–541. https://doi.org/10.1214/08-AOAS215

Ferguson, L. J., Kowalski, K. C., Mack, D. E., & Sabiston, C. M. (2014). Exploring Self-Compassion and Eudaimonic Well-being in Young Women Athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36(2), 203-216. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2013-0096

Ferguson, L. J., Kowalski, K. C., Mack, D. E., & Sabiston, C. M. (2015). Self-compassion and Eudaimonic Well-being During Emotionally Difficult Times in Sport. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16, 1263-1280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9558-8

Fonseca-Pedrero, E. (2018). Network Analysis in Psychology. Papeles del Psicólogo, 39(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.23923/pap.psicol2018.2852

Fox, K. R., & Corbin, C. B. (1989). The Physical Self-perception Profile: Development and Preliminary Validation. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 11(4), 408–430. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.11.4.408

Franco, G. R., & Rodrigues, M. C. (2018). Autoeficácia e desenvolvimento positivo dos jovens: Uma revisão narrativa da literatura. Temas em Psicologia, 26(4), 2267-2282. https://doi.org/10.9788/TP2018.4-20Pt

Fraser-Thomas, J., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2005). Youth Sport Programs: An Avenue to Foster Positive Youth Development. Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy, 10(1), 19–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/1740898042000334890

Freeman, L. C. (1978). Centrality in Social Networks Conceptual Clarification. Social Networks, 1(3), 215–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8733(78)90021-7

Friedman, J., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2008). Sparse Inverse Covariance Estimation with the Graphical Lasso. Biostatistics, 9(3), 432–441. https://doi.org/10.1093/biostatistics/kxm045

Galatti, L. R., Bettega, O. B., Paes, R. R., Reverdito, R. S., Seoane, A. M., & Scaglia, A. J. (2017). O ensino dos jogos esportivos coletivos: avanços metodológicos dos aspectos estratégico-tático-técnicos. Pensar a prática, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.5216/rpp.v20i3.39593

Garaigordobil, M., & De Galdeano, P. G. (2006). Empatía en niños de 10 a 12 años. Psicothema, 18(2), 180-186. https://www.psicothema.com/pdf/3195.pdf

Gencer, E., & Öztürk, A. (2018). The Relationship Between the Sport-Confidence and the Coach-Athlete Relationship in Student-Athletes. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(10), 7-14. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i10.3388

Goldenberg, A., Halperin, E., van Zomeren, M., & Gross, J. (2016). The Process Model of Group-based Emotion: Integrating Intergroup Emotion and Emotion Regulation Perspectives. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 20(2), 118-141. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868315581263

Golino, H. & Chritensen, A. P. (2021). EGAnet: Exploratory Graph Analysis – A Framework for Estimating the Number of Dimensions in Multivariate Data Using Network Psychometrics. R package version 1.0.1. https://github.com/hfgolino/EGAnet

Harwood, C. (2008). Developmental Consulting in a Professional Football Academy: The 5Cs Coaching Efficacy Program. The Sport Psychologist, 22(1), 109– 133. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.22.1.109

Harwood, C. G., Barker, J. B., & Anderson, R. (2015). Psychosocial Development in Youth Soccer Players: Assessing the Effectiveness of the 5Cs Intervention Program. The Sport Psychologist, 29(4), 319-334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2014-0161

Hevey, D. (2018). Network Analysis: A Brief Overview and Tutorial. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 6(1),301-328. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2018.1521283

Holt, N. L., Deal, C. J., & Pankow, K. (2020). Positive Youth Development Through Sport. In G. Tenenbaum, & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of Sport Psychology (4th ed, pp. 429- 446). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119568124.ch20

Holt, N. L., Neely, K. C., Slater, L. G., Camiré, M., Côté, J., Fraser-Thomas, J., MacDonald, D., Strachan, L. & Tamminen, K. A. (2017). A Grounded Theory of Positive Youth Development Through Sport Based on Results from a Qualitative Meta-study. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(1), 1-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2016.1180704

Jowett, S., & Cockerill, I. M. (2003). Olympic Medallists’ Perspective of the Athlete–coach Relationship. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4(4), 313-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00011-0

Jowett, S., & Ntoumanis, N. (2004). The Coach-athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q): Development and Initial Validation. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 14(4), 245-257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2003.00338.x

Kavussanu, M. & Stanger, N. (2017). Moral Behavior in Sport. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16, 185-192. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.05.010

Lam, C. M. (2012). Prosocial Involvement as a Positive Youth Development Construct: A Conceptual Review. The Scientific World Journal, 2012(Special Issue). https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/769158

Lee, M. J., Whitehead J, Ntoumanis, N., & Hatzigeorgiadis, A. (2008). Relationships Among Values, Achievement Orientations and Attitudes in Youth Sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30(5), 588-610. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.5.588

Lerner, R. M., & Lerner, J. V. (2011). The Positive Development of Youth: Report of the Findings from the First Seven Years of the 4‐H Study of Positive Youth Development. Tufts University.

Lerner, R. M., Lerner, J. V., Almerigi, J., Theokas, C., Phelps, E., Gestsdottir, S. Naudeau, S., Jelicic, H., Alberts, A. E., Ma, L., Smith, L. M., Bobek, D. L., Richman-Raphael, D., Simpson, I., Christiansen, E. D. & von Eye, A. (2005). Positive Youth Development, Participation in Community Youth Development Programs, and Community Contributions of Fifth Grade Adolescents: Findings from the First Wave of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development. Journal of Early Adolescence, 25(1), 17-71. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0272431604272461

Lerner, R. M., Lerner, J. V., Bowers, E., & Geldhof, G. J. (2015). Positive Youth Development and Relational Developmental Systems. In W. F. Overton & P. C. Molenaar (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science (7th ed., pp. 607–651). Wiley.

Lorimer, R., & Jowett, S. (2010). The Influence of Role and Gender in the Empathic Accuracy of Coaches and Athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(3), 206-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.12.001

MacDonald, D. J., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2010). The Impact of Informal Coach Training on the Personal Development of Youth Sport Athletes. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 5(3), 363-372. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.5.3.363

Machado, W. L., Vissoci, J., & Epskamp, S. (2015). Análise de rede aplicada à Psicometria e à Avaliação Psicológica. In C. S. Hutz, D. R. Bandeira, & C. M. Trentini (Orgs.). Psicometria (pp. 125-146). ArtMed.

Neff, K. D. (2003). Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027

Park, N. (2004). Character Strengths and Positive Youth Development. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591(1), 40-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716203260079

Price, M. S., & Weiss, M. R. (2011). Peer Leadership in Sport: Relationships Among Personal Characteristics, Leader Behaviors, and Team Outcomes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 23(1), 49-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2010.520300

Reverdito, R. S., Carvalho, H. M., Galatti, L. R., Scaglia, A. J., Goncalves, C. E., & Paes, R. R. (2017A). Effects of Youth Participation in Extra-Curricular Sport Programs on Perceived Self-Efficacy: A Multilevel Analysis. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 124(3), 569-583. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512517697069

Reverdito, R. S., Galatti, L. R., Carvalho, H. M., Scaglia, A. J., Côté, J., Gonçalves, C. E., & Paes, R. R. (2017B). Developmental Benefits of Extracurricular Sports Participation Among Brazilian Youth. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 124(5), 946-960. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512517724657

Robinaugh, D. J., Millner, A. J., & McNally, R. J. (2016). Identifying Highly Influential Nodes in the Complicated Grief Network. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125(6), 747-757. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000181

Saramäki, J., Kivelä, M., Onnela, J., Kaski, K., & Kertész, J. (2007). Generalizations of the Clustering Coefficient to Weighted Complex Networks. Physical Review E, 75(2), 27–105. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.75.027105

Sanches, S. M., & Rubio, K. (2011). A prática esportiva como ferramenta educacional: trabalhando valores e a resiliência. Educação e pesquisa, 37(4), 825-841. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-97022011000400010

Sevdalis, V., & Raab, M. (2014). Empathy in Sports, Exercise, and the Performing Arts. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(2), 173-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.10.013

Shields, D. L., & Bredemeier, B. L. (2007). Advances in Sport Mortality Research. In G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of Sport Psychology (3rd ed, pp. 662-684). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118270011

Silva, M. P. P., Romano, A. R., & Peixoto, E. M. (In press). Proposal and validation of a battery of the 5Cs of Positive Youth Development through Sport. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas). https://periodicos.puc-campinas.edu.br/estpsi

Tavares, M. A., Fonseca, S., Lopes, A., Galatti, L. R., & Reverdito, R. S. (2021). Relação treinador-atleta e a experiencia positiva de jovens no esporte extracurricular. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 21(1), 146-161. https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.428691

Turnnidge, J., Vierimaa, M., & Côté, J. (2012). An In-depth Investigation of a Model Sport Program for Athletes with a Physical Disability. Psychology, 3(12A), 1131 -1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2012.312A167

Vierimaa. M., Erickson, K., Côté, J. & Gilbert, W. (2012). Positive Youth Development: A Measurement Framework for Sport. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 7(3), 601- 614. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.7.3.601

Weiss, M. R., Bolter, N. D., & Kipp, L. E. (2014). Assessing Impact of Physical Activity-Based Youth Development Programs: Validation of the Life Skills Transfer Survey (LSTS). Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 85(3), 263–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2014.931558

Weiss, M. R., & Stuntz, C. P. (2004). A Little Friendly Competition: Peer Relationships and Psychosocial Development in Youth Sport and Physical Activity Contexts. In M. R. Weiss (Ed.), Developmental Sport and Exercise Psychology: A Lifespan Perspective (pp. 165- 196). Fitness Information Technology.

Weiss, M. R., Stuntz, C. P., Bhalla, J. A., Bolter, N. D., & Price, M. S. (2013). “More than a Game”: Impact of The First Tee Life Skills Programme on Positive Youth Development: Project Introduction and Year 1 findings. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 5(2), 214–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2012.712997

##submission.citations.for##