Rumiación, preocupación y orientación negativa al problema : procesos transdiagnósticos de los trastornos de ansiedad, de la conducta alimentaria y del estado de ánimo.

Resumen

Este estudio presenta las relaciones existentes entre los procesos cognitivos de orientación negativa al problema, preocupación y rumiación, con la sintomatología ansiosa, depresiva y la presente en dificultades en la conducta alimentaria. Se utilizó una muestra no clínica e intencionada de 176 personas adultas de la isla de Tenerife. Los datos se analizan mediante el coeficiente de Chi-cuadrado de Pearson (χ2 ), la t de Student, el coeficiente de correlación r de Pearson y regresiones jerárquicas. Se constata que la orientación negativa al problema y la preocupación son transdiagnósticos para los síntomas de agorafobia y pánico, ansiedad generalizada, fobia social y control de la comida; mientras que los reproches son comunes a la sintomatología depresiva, el estrés postraumático y la dieta, y que la fobia social también se relaciona con el proceso reflexivo. Los resultados se discuten a partir el modelo teórico de la fobia social y el estrés postraumático, y se propone la investigación futura de los reproches y la reflexión, atendiendo a la teoría de la evitación cognitiva.

Palabras clave:

Preocupación Rumiación Dificultades de la conducta alimentaria Transdiagnóstico

Citas

Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2011). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta- analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 217- 237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004.

Arditte, K. A., Sahw, A. S., & Timpano, K. (2016). Repetitive negative thinking: a transdiagnostic correlate of affective disorders. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 35(2), 181-201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2016.35.3.181.

Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893-897. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893.

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory, Second Edition. San Anto- nio, TX: The Psychological Corporation. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893.

Boelen, P. A., Reijntjes, A., & Smid, G. E. (2016). Concurrent and prospective associations of intolerance of uncertainty with symptoms of prolonged grief, posttraumatic stress, and depression after bereavement. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 65-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.03.004.

Borkovec, R., Robinson, E., Pruzinsky, T., & Depree, J. (1983). Preliminary exploration of worry: Some characteristics and processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21(1), 9-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(83)90121-3.

Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O. M., & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. En R. G., Heimberg, C. L., Turk, & D. S., Mennin, (Eds.), General- ized Anxiety Disorder: Advances in research and practice (pp. 77-108). New York: Guilford Press.

Brown, T. A., White, K. S., & Barlow, D. H. (2005). A psychometric reanalysis of the Albany Panic and Phobia Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(3), 337-355. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.03.004.

Danzilo, L., Rieger, E., Palermo, R., Byrne, S., & Bell, J. (2016). Association between rumination factors and eating disorder behaviours in young women. Advances in Eating Disorders. Theory, Research and Practice, 4, 84-98. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21662630.2015.1118642

Dickson, K. S., Ciesla, J. A., & Reilly, K. (2012). Rumination, Worry, Cognitive Avoidance, and Behavioral Avoidance: Examination of Temporal Effects. Behavior Therapy 43(3) 629-640. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.11.002.

Doninger, G. L., Enders, C. K., & Burnett, K. F. (2005). Validity evidence for Eating Attitudes Test scores in a sample of female college athletes. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 9(1), 35-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327841mpee0901_3.

D?Hudson, G., Lauren, L., & Saling, L. L. (2010). Worry and rumination in older adults: Differentiating the processes. Aging and Mental Health, 14(5), 524-534. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13607861003713141.

Ehring T., & Watkins, E. (2008). Repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic process. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1(3) 192-205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2008.1.3.192.

Fergus, T. A., Valentine, D. P., Wu, K. D., & McGrath, P. B. (2015). Examining the Symptom-Level Specificity of Negative Problem Orientation in a Clinical Sample. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 44(2) 153-161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2014.987314.

Fisher, R. A. (1925). Statistical methods for research workers. Edinburgh, Scotland: Oliver and Boyd.

Garner, D. M., Olmsted, M. P., Bohr, Y., & Garfinkel, P. E. (1982). The Eating Attitudes Test: psychometric features and clinical correlates. Psychological Medicine, 12(4), 871- 878. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700049163.

González, M., Ibáñez, I., & Cubas, R. (2006). Variables de pro- ceso en la determinación de la ansiedad generalizada y su generalización a otras medidas de ansiedad y depresión. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 6(1), 23-39.

González, M., Peñate, W., Bethencourt, J. M., & Rovella, A. (2004). La predicción del trastorno de ansiedad generalizada en función de variables de procesos. Psicología y Salud, 14(2), 179-188.

González, M., Rovella, A., Barbenza, C., & Rausch, L. (2012). Tendencia a la Preocupación y Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada en adolescentes: contribución diferencial de los procesos cognitivos. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación Psicológica, 33(2), 31-50.

Hasegawa, A., Hattori, Y., Nishimura, H., & Tanno, Y. (2015). Prospective associations of depressive rumination and so- cial problem solving with depression: a 6-month longitudinal study. Psychological Reports, 116(3), 870-888. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2466/02.20.PR0.116k28w7.

Holm-Denoma, J. M., & Hankin, B. L. (2011). Perceived physical appearance mediates the rumination and bulimic symptom link in adolescent girls. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39(4), 537-544. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2010.486324.

Johnson, D., & Whisman, M. A. (2013). Gender differences in rumination: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(4), 367-374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.019.

Jordan, J., Joyce, P. R., Carter, F. A., Horn, J., McIntosh, V. V. W., Luty, S. E., et al. (2008). Specific and nonspecific comorbidity in anorexia nervosa. International Journal of the Eating Disorders, 41(1), 47-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20463.

Kalmbach, D. A, Pillai, V., & Ciesla, J. A. (2016). The correspondence of changes in depressive rumination and worry to weekly variations in affective symptoms: A test of the tripartite model of anxiety and depression in women. Australian Journal of Psychology, 68(1), 52-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12090.

Kessler, R. (2006). Epidemiology of depression among women. En C. Keyes & S. Goodman (Eds.), Women and depression: A handbook for the social, behavioral and biomedical science (pp. 22-37). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511841262.004.

Laposa, J. M., Collimore, K. C., & Rector, N. A. (2014). Is Post-Event Processing a Social Anxiety Specific or Transdiagnostic Cognitive Process in the Anxiety Spectrum? Be- havioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 42(6), 706-717. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S135246581300074X.

Londoño, C., Peñate, W., & González, M. (2016). Validación Diferencial y Discriminante del Cuestionario de Depresión para Hombres (CDH). Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 34(2), 169-179. DOI: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.14718/ACP.2016.19.2.13

Lyubomirsky, S., Chancellor, J., Layous, K., & Nelson. K. S. (2014). Thinking About Rumination: The Scholarly Contributions and Intellectual Legacy of Susan Nolen-Hoeksema. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 11, 1-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112733.

McEvoy, P. M., & Brans, S. (2013). Common Versus Unique Variance Across Measures of Worry and Rumination: Predictive Utility and Mediational Models for Anxiety and Depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(1), 183-196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-012-9448-5.

McEvoy, P. M., Watson, H., Watkins, E. R., & Nathan, P. (2013). The relationship between worry, rumination, and comorbidity: evidence for repetitive negative thinking as a transdi- agnostic construct. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(1), 313-320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.014.

Meyer, T., Miller, M., Metzger, R., & Borkovec, T. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 487- 495. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6.

McLaughlin, K. A., Borkovec, T. D., & Sibrava, N. J. (2007). The effects of worry and rumination on affect states and cognitive activity. Behavior Therapy, 38(1), 23-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2006.03.003

McLaughlin, A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2011). Rumination as a Transdiagnostic Factor in Depression and Anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(3), 186-193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.12.006.

Michael, T., Halligan, S. L., Clark, D., & Ehlers, A. (2007). Rumination in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 24(5), 307-317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20228.

Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61(1), 115-121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.115.

Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1993). The effects of rumination and distraction on naturally-occurring depressed moods. Cognition and Emotion, 7(1), 561-570. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699939308409206.

Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400-424. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x.

Pérez, G. B., García, F. L., De Vicente, M. P., & Oliveras, V. A. (2010). Validación del Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire (PDSQ) en una muestra de pacientes alcohólicos españoles. Adicciones, 22(3), 199-206.

Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(8), 741-756. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.180.

Rawal, A., Park, R. J., & Williams, J. M. G. (2010). Rumination, experiential avoidance, and dysfunctional thinking in eating disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(9) 851-859. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.009.

Robichaud, M., & Dugas, M. J. (2005). Negative problem orientation (Part II): Construct validity and specificity to worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(3), 403-412. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.02.008.

Rodebaugh, T. L., Woods, C. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2007). The reverse of social anxiety is not always the opposite: the reverse-scored items of the social interaction anxiety scale do not belong. Behavior Therapy, 38(2), 192-206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2006.08.001.

Schoofs, H., Hermans, D., & Raes, F. (2010). Brooding and reflection as subtypes of rumination: evidence from confirmatory factor analysis in nonclinical samples using the Dutch Ruminative Response Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32(4), 609-617. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-010-9182-9.

Segerstrom, S. C., Tsao, J. C. I., Alden, L. E. & Craske, M. G. (2000). Worry and rumination: Repetitive thought as a concomitant and predictor of negative mood. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24(6), 671-688. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005587311498.

Serra, J. A., & Irizarry-Robles, C. Y. (2015). Factores protectores de la depresión en una muestra de adultos mayores en Puerto Rico: autoeficacia, escolaridad y otras variables socio-demográficas. Acta Colombina de Psicología, 18(1), 125-134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14718/ACP.2015.18.1.12.

Spinhoven, P., Drost, J., Van Hemert, B., & Penninx, B. W. (2015). Common rather than unique aspects of repetitive negative thinking are related to depressive and anxiety disorders and symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 33, 45- 52. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.05.001

Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W. & Löwe, B. (2006). A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10) 1092-1097. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092.

Sternheim, L., Startup, H., Saeidi, S., Morgan, J., Hugo, P., Russell, A., et al. (2012). Understanding catastrophic worry in eating disorders: Process and content characteristics. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psy- chiatry, 43(4), 1095?1103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.05.006.

Thanoi, W., & Klainin-Yobas, P. (2015). Assessing rumination response style among undergraduate nursing students: A construct validation study. Nurse Education Today, 35(5), 641-646. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2015.01.001.

Thomson, S. K. (2002). Sampling. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Treynor, W., González, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumiation reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 247-259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023910315561.

Watkins, E. (2009). Depressive rumination and co-morbidity: Evidence for brooding as a transdiagnostic process. Journl of Rational Emotive and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, 27(3), 160-175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-009-0098-9.

Watkins, E., Moulds, M. & Mackintosh, B. (2005). Comparisons between rumination and worry in a non-clinical population. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(12), 1577- 1585. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.11.008.

Wong, Q. J. J., & Moulds, M. L. (2009). Impact of rumination versus distraction on anxiety and maladaptive self-beliefs in socially anxious individuals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(10), 861-867. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.06.014.

Zimmerman, M., & Mattia, J. I. (2001). A Self-Report Scale to Help Make Psychiatric Diagnoses: The Psychiatric Di- agnostic Screening Questionnaire. Archives of General Psychiatry,58(8), 787-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.58.8.787.

Citado por