Propiedades psicométricas de una escala de resiliencia en cuidadores familiares de adultos mayores

Resumen

El cuidado de un adulto mayor se ha estudiado no solo como una circunstancia generadora de estrés y deterioro del bienestar para el cuidador, sino también, desde la perspectiva de la psicología positiva, como la disposición de los cuidadores para reaccionar de manera resiliente ante las dificultades experimentadas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar la validación de constructo del Inventario de Resiliencia (IRES) mediante algunos procedimientos exploratorios y confirmatorios. Para ello, se colectaron datos de dos muestras independientes de cuidadores familiares de adultos mayores en la ciudad de Hermosillo, México: la primera con 125 cuidadores de 19 a 73 años (Medad = 47.8, DE = 12) para los análisis factoriales exploratorios; y la segunda con 160 cuidadores de 19 a 82 años (Medad = 48.7, DE = 13) para los análisis factoriales confirmatorios. Los análisis revelaron dos dimensiones claras y robustas estadísticamente en el IRES con 12 ítems: la resiliencia instrumental y la resiliencia emocional. En conclusión, la presente investigación muestra que el IRES es un instrumento válido para la medición de la resiliencia en una población mexicana de cuidadores familiares de adultos mayores.

Palabras clave:

Resiliencia Cuidadores familiares Adultos mayores Validación

Citas

American Psychological Association. (2017). Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. Washington, D.C., Estados Unidos: Author. Extracted from https://www.apa.org/ethics/code/ethics-code-2017.pdf

Autio, T., & Rissanen, S. (2018). Positive emotions in caring for a spouse: A literature review. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 32, 45-55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12452

Bangerter, L. R., Griffin, J. M., & Dunlay, S. M. (2018). Positive experiences and self-gain among family caregivers of persons with heart failure. The Gerontologist. Advance online publication. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gny162

Bell, R. (2017). Psychosocial pathways and health outcomes: Informing action on health inequalities. Londres: Public Health England. Extracted from http://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/resources reports/psychosocialpathways-and-health-outcomes-informing-action-onhealth-inequalities

Borsje, P., Hems, M. A. P., Lucassen, P. L. B. J., Bor, H., Koopmans, R. T. C. M., Pot, A. M. (2016). Psychological

distress in informal caregivers of patients with dementia in primary care: Course and determinants, Family Practice, 33, 374-381. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmw009

Cano-Gutiérrez, C., Borda, M. G., Reyes-Ortiz, C., Arciniegas, A. J., & Samper-Ternent, R. (2017). Evaluación de factores asociados al estado funcional en ancianos de 60 años o más en Bogotá, Colombia. Biomédica, 37, 57-65. doi: https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v37i1.3197

Castro, A. (2012). Positive psychology in Latin America. Developments and Perspectives. PSIENCIA. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencia Psicológica, 4, 108-116. Extracted from http://www.psiencia.org/ojs/index.php/

psiencia/article/view/95/

Centro Nacional de Excelencia Tecnológica en Salud. (Ed.). (2018). Valoración geriátrica integral en unidades de atención médica. Guía de Evidencias y Recomendaciones: Guía de Práctica Clínica. México: Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Extracted from http://www.cenetec-difusion.com/CMGPC/GPC-IMSS-190-18/ER.pdf

Cerquera, A. M., Pabón, D. K., & Ruíz, A. L. (2017). Implementation of the Psychological Intervention program in Resilience for Informal Caregivers of Patients with Alzheimer's Dementia PIRCA. Universitas Psychologica, 16(2), 1-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy16-2.ipip

Chan, S. W. Y., Harmer, C. J., Norbury, R., O’Sullivan, U., Goodwin, G. M., & Portella, M. J. (2016). Hippocampal

volume in vulnerability and resilience to depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 189, 199-202. doi: https://

doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.021

Crespo, M., Fernández-Lansac, V.., & Soberón, C. (2014). Spanish Version of the CD-RISC Resilience Scale for

chronic stress situations. Behavioral Psychology, 22, 219-238. Extracted from https://www.researchgate.net/

publication/260882710

Crespo, M., & Fernández-Lansac, V. (2015). Resilience in caregivers of elderly dependent relatives. Anales de

Psicología, 31, 19-27. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.31.1.158241

Dias, R., Simões-Neto, J. P., Santos, R. L., de Sousa, M.F. B., Baptista, M. A. T., Lacerda, I. B., … Dourado,

M. C. N. (2016). Caregivers’ resilience is independent from the clinical symptoms of dementia. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 74, 967-973. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20160162

Domínguez-Guedea, M. T., Mandujano-Jaquez, M. F., LópezDávalos, G., Domínguez-Guedea, R. L., GonzálezMontesinos, M. J., Sotomayor-Peterson, M., & Fraijo-Sing, B. (2011). Escala de Bienestar Subjetivo en Cuidadores Familiares de Adultos Mayores (EBEMS/CFAM). Revista de Psicología, 29(2), 265-287. Extracted from http://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/psicologia/article/view/2469

Fernández-Lansac, V., & Crespo, M. (2011). Resiliencia, hardiness and growth in dementia patients’ family caregivers:A review. Clínica y Salud, 22, 21-40. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.5093/cl2011v22n1a2

Flores, T., Cruz, A. J., González, J. I., López, A., & Abizanda, P. (2014). Geriatric assessment tools in Spanish

Geriatric Departments. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 49, 235-242. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.

regg.2014.05.002

Garmezy, N., & Devine, V. T. (1984). Project Competence: The Minnesota studies of children vulnerable to psychopathology. In N. Watt, J. Rolf, & E. J. Anthony (Eds.), Children at risk for schizophrenia: A longitudinal perspective (pp. 287–303). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gaxiola, J. C., Frías, M., Hurtado, M. F., Salcido, L. C., & Figueroa, M. (2011). Validation of the Resilience Inventory

(RESI) in a northwestern Mexico sample. Enseñanza e Investigación en Psicología, 16(1), 73-83. Extracted from

https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/292/29215963006.pdf

Ghanei Gheshlagh, R., Sayehmiri, K., Ebadi, A., Dalvandi, A., Dalvand, S., & Nourozi Tabrizi, K. (2016). Resilience

of patients with chronic physical diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Iranian Red Crescent

Medical Journal, 18(7), 1-9. Extracted from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5027800/pdf/

ircmj-18-07-38562.pdf

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

Joling, K. J., Windle, G., Dröes, R.-M., Meiland, F., van Hout, H. P. J., MacNeil Vroomen, J., …Woods, B. (2016). Factors of resilience in informal caregivers of people with dementia from integrative international data analysis. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 42(3-4), 198-214. doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000449131

Jones, S. M., Killett, A., & Mioshi, E. (2019a). The role of resilient coping in dementia carers’ wellbeing. British

Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 15, 6-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.12968/bjnn.2019.15.1.6

Jones, S. M., Woodward, M., & Mioshi, E. (2019b). Social support and high resilient coping in carers of people with dementia. Geriatric Nursing. Advance online publication. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2019.05.011

Kline, R. (2016). Principles and practice of Structural Equation Modeling (3a. ed.). New York, United States: The Guilford Press.

Lan, X., & Wang, W. (2019). Direct and interactive effects of peer support and resilience on psychosocial adjustment in emerging adults with early left-behind experiences. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 12, 277-288. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S202774

Lawton, M. P., & Brody, E. M. (1969). Assessment of older people: Self-maintenance instrumental activities of daily living. The Gerontologist, 9(3 Pt. 1), 179-186. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/9.3_Part_1.179

Machisa, M. T., Christofides, N., & Jewkes, R. (2018). Social support factors associated with psychological resilience among women survivors of intimate partner violence in Gauteng, South Africa. Global Health Action, 11(Supl. 3), 1-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2018.1491114

Mahoney, F. I., & Barthel, D. W. (1965). Functional evaluation: The Barthel Index. Maryland State Medical Journal, 14, 61-65. Extracted from https://archive.org/details/2985229RX1.nlm.nih.gov/page/n143

Maneewat, T., Lertmaharit, S., & Tangwongchai, S. (2016). Development of caregiver resilience scale (CRS) for

Thai caregivers of older persons with dementia. Cogent Medicine, 3, 1–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/233120

x.2016.1257409

Masten, A. S., & Tellegen, A. (2012). Resilience in developmental psychopathology: Contributions of the Project

Competence Longitudinal Study. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 345-361. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/

S095457941200003X

Masten, A., & Cicchetti, D. (2016). Resilience in development: Progress and transformation. In D. Cicchetti (Ed.),

Developmental Psychopathology (pp. 271–333). New York, NY: Wiley. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119125556.

devpsy406

Montero, O., & León, I. (2007). A guide for naming research studies in psychology. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 7, 847—862. Extracted from https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=33770318

Mulud, Z. A., & McCarthy, G. (2017). Caregiver burden among caregivers of individuals with severe mental illness:

Testing the moderation and mediation models of resilience. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 31, 24-30. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2016.07.019

Mwangi, C. N., Ireri, A. M., Mwaniki, E. W. (2017). Correlates of academic resilience among secondary school students in Kiambu County, Kenya. Interdisciplinary Education and Psychology, 1, 1-10. doi: https://doi.org/10.31532/InterdiscipEducPsychol.1.1.004

Nexoe, J., Halvorsen, P. A., Kristiansen, I. S. (2007). Review Article: Critiques of the risk concept — valid or not?

Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 35, 648-654. doi: http://doi.org/10.1080/14034940701418897

Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Ong, H. L., Vaingankar, J. A., Abdin, E., Sambasivam, R., Fauziana, R., Tan, M. E., … Subramaniam, M. (2018).

Resilience and burden in caregivers of older adults: Moderating and mediating effects of perceived social support. BMC Psychiatry, 18, 1-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1616-z

Palacio, C., Krikorian, A., & Limonero, J. T. (2018). The influence of psychological factors on the burden of caregiversof patients with advanced cancer: Resiliency and caregiver burden. Palliative & Supportive Care, 16, 269-277. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478951517000268

Pawelski, J. O. (2016). Defining the ‘positive’ in positive psychology: Part II. A normative analysis. The Journal of

Positive Psychology, 11, 357-365. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1137628

Perrin, P. B., Gulin, S., Elder, H., Peralta, S. V., Stolfi, M. E., Morelli, E., …Rivera, D. (2018). Resilience in dementia

caregivers from Argentina and Mexico: Psychometric properties of the Spanish Resilience Scale for Adults. Revista Iberoamericana de Neuropsicología, 1, 1-16. Extracted from https://neuropsychologylearning.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/pdf-revista-vol1/RevNeuro190118_ok-4-19.pdf

Ribes, E. (1990). Psicología general. Trillas, Mexico.

Sanjuan-Meza, X. S., Landeros-Olvera, E. A., & Cossio-Torres, P. E. (2018). Validity of a resilience scale (RESI-M) in indigenous women in Mexico. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 34(10), 1-12. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00179717

Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models:

Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research, 8(2), 23-74.

Extracted from https://www.dgps.de/fachgruppen/methoden/mpr-online/issue20/art2/mpr130_13.pdf

Seiler, A., & Jenewein, J. (2019). Resilience in cancer patients. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 1-35. doi: https://doi.

org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00208 Shatté, A., Perlman, A., Smith, B., & Lynch, W. (2017). The positive effect of resilience on stress and business outcomes in difficult work environments. Journal of Occupational

and Enviromental Medicine, 59, 135–140. doi: http://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000914

Sint Nicolaas, S. M., Hoogerbrugge, P. M., van den Bergh, E.M. M., Custers, J. A. E., Gameiro, S., Gemke, R. J. B. J., &

Verhaak, C. M. (2016). Predicting trajectories of behavioral adjustment in children diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Supportive Care in Cancer, 24, 4503-4513. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-016-3289-9

Southwick, S., Pietrzak, R., Tsai, J., & Krystal, J. (2015). Resilience: An update. PTSD research Quarterly, 25(4),

-10. Extracted from https://www.ptsd.va.gov/publications/rq_docs/V25N4.pdf

Stansfeld, J., Stoner, C., Wenborn, J., Vernooij-Dassen, M., Moniz-Cook, E., & Orrell, M. (2017). Positive psychology outcome measures for family caregivers of people living with dementia: A systematic review. International

Psychogeriatrics, 29, 1281-1296. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610217000655

Taylor, H., Minich, N., Schluchter, M., Espy, K., & Klein, N. (2019). Resilience in extremely preterm/extremely low birth weight kindergarten children. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 25, 362-374. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617719000080

Toledano-Toledano, F., Moral de la Rubia, J., Broche-Pérez, Y.,Domínguez-Guedea, M. T., & Granados-García, V. (2019). The measurement scale of resilience among family caregivers of children with cancer: A psychometric evaluation. BMC Public Health, 19, 1–14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7512-8

Treiblmaier, H., & Filzmoser, P. (2010). Exploratory factor analysis revisited: How robust methods support the detection of hidden multivariate data structures in IS research. Information & Management, 47, 197–207. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2010.02.002

Tusaie, K., & Dyer, J. (2004). Resilience: A historical review of the construct. Holistic Nursing Practice, 18, 3-10. doi:

https://doi.org/10.1097/00004650-200401000-00002

Ungar, M. (2018). Systemic resilience: Principles and processes for a science of change in contexts of adversity. Ecology and Society, 23(4). doi: https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-10385-230434

Ungar, M. (2019). Designing resilience research: Using multiple methods to investigate risk exposure, promotive and protective processes, and contextually relevant outcomes for children and youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 96, 1-8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104098

Valadez-Roque, G., Martín del Campo-Arias, S. & HernándezArenas, C. (2017). Psychological and physical status related to coping styles in caregivers of stroke patients. Investigación en Discapacidad, 6, 3-11. Extracted from

https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/invdis/ir-2017/ir171a.pdf

Yildiz, H. (2019). The interactive effect of positive psychological capital and organizational trust on organizational citizenship behavior. SAGE Open, 9(3), 1-15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019862661

##submission.citations.for##