Sexting en contexto escolar: Revisión narrativa de factores de riesgo y protección (2020-2023)

Resumen

El objetivo del presente estudio fue integrar y analizar investigaciones recientes sobre los factores de riesgo y protección asociados al sexting entre niñas, niños y adolescentes escolares menores de 18 años. Se realizó una revisión narrativa, siguiendo criterios SANRA, en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science. Se seleccionaron 14 estudios empíricos (2020-2023) que abordaran factores asociados al sexting en población escolar, y se aplicó un análisis temático y una evaluación cualitativa de calidad metodológica. Los hallazgos se organizaron en cinco categorías: factores demográficos y socioeconómicos, psicológicos, dinámicas con pares, factores contextuales e influencia de la tecnología. Específicamente, se encontró que el aumento de edad, pertenecer a minorías sexuales o étnicas, el bajo autocontrol, la presión de pares y las dinámicas familiares disfuncionales se asociaron a mayor involucramiento en sexting, especialmente bajo presión o sin consentimiento. En contraste, el acompañamiento parental, la estructura familiar estable, la conexión escolar, la participación religiosa y fortalezas personales como la autenticidad y el sentido de justicia son factores protectores. El sexting es un fenómeno complejo, influido por factores múltiples que interactúan en distintos niveles del ecosistema de desarrollo. Se requiere una prevención basada en evidencia, especialmente en el entorno escolar.

Palabras clave

sexting

redes sociales

infancia

adolescencia

psicología

educación sexual

Citas

Agarwal, S., Charlesworth, M., & Elrakhawy, M. (2023). How to write a narrative review. Anaesthesia, 78(9), 1162- 1166. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.16016

Baethge, C., Goldbeck-wood, S., & Mertens, S. (2019). SANRA—a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles. Research Integrity and Peer Review, 4, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41073-019-0064-8

Barrense-Días, Y., Berchtold, A., Surís, J.-C., & Akre, C. (2017). Sexting and the definition issue. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(5), 544-554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.05.009

Barrense-Días, Y., Chok, L., Stadelmann, S., Berchtold, A., & Suris, J.-C. (2022). Sending one’s own intimate image: Sexting among middle-school teens. Journal of School Health, 92(4), 353-360. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.13137

Bianchi, D., Baiocco, R., Lonigro, A., Pompili, S., Zammuto, M., Di Tata, D., Morelli, M., Chirumbolo, A., Di Norcia, A., Cannoni, E., Longobardi, E., & Laghi, F. (2023). Love in quarantine: Sexting, stress, and coping during the COVID-19 Lockdown. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 20(2), 465-478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178- 021-00645-z

Brewer, R., Whitten, T., Logos, K., Sayer, M., Langos, C., Holt, T. J., Cale, J., Goldsmith, A., & Brewer, R. (2023). Examining the Psychosocial and Examining the psychosocial and behavioral factors associated with adolescent engagement in multiple types of cyberdeviance: Results from an Australian Study. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 32, 2046-2062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-023-02586-0

Burić, J., Garcia, J. R., & Štulhofer, A. (2020). Is sexting bad for adolescent girls’ psychological well-being? A longitudinal assessment in middle to late adolescence. New Media & Society, 23(7), 2052-2071. https://doi. org/10.1177/1461444820931091

Chauviré-Geib, K., & Fegert, J. M. (2023). Victims of Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A scoping review. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 25(2), 1335-1348. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380231178754

Codina, L. (2020). Revisiones sistematizadas en ciencias humanas y sociales. 3: Análisis y síntesis de la información cualitativa. En C. Lopezosa, J. Díaz-Noci & L. Codina (Eds.). METHODOS Anuario de Métodos de Investigación en Comunicación Social (Vol. 1, pp. 73-87). Universitat Pompeu Fabra. https://doi.org/10.31009/methodos.2020. i01.07

Crofts, T., & Lee, M. (2013). “Sexting”, child and child pornography. Sydney Law Review, 35(1), 85-106. https://papers. ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2403581

Crofts, T., & Lievens, E. (2018). Sexting and the law. En M. Walrave, J. Van Ouytsel, K. Ponnet & J. Temple (Eds.), Sexting. Palgrave Studies in Cyberpsychology (p. 155). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://link.springer.com/ chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-71882-8_8

Dodaj, A., & Sesar, K. (2022). Prevention of sexting among high school students: Preventive programme proposal. Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna, 22(4), 272-277. https://doi.org/10.15557/PiPK.2022.0034

Dolev-Cohen, M., & Ricon, T. (2020). Demystifying sexting: Adolescent sexting and its associations with parenting styles and sense of parental social control in Israel. Cyberpsychology-Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 14(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2020-1-6

Doyle, C., Douglas, E., & O’Reilly, G. (2021). The outcomes of sexting for children and adolescents: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Adolescence, 92(1), 86-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.08.009

Finkelhor, D., Sutton, S., Turner, H., & Colburn, D. (2024). How risky is online sexting by minors? Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 33(2), 169-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2024.2324838

Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., Colburn, D., Mitchell, K., & Mathews, B. (2023). Child sexual abuse images and youth produced images: The varieties of image-based sexual exploitation and abuse of children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 143, 106269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106269

Fix, R. L., Assini-Meytin, L. C., Harris, A. J., & Letourneau, E. J. (2021). Caregivers’ perceptions and responses to a new norm: The missing link in addressing adolescent sexting behaviors in the U.S. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 50(2), 575-588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01704-z

Gámez-Guadix, M., & Mateos-Pérez, E. (2019). Longitudinal and reciprocal relationships between sexting, online sexual solicitations, and cyberbullying among minors. Computers in Human Behavior, 94, 70-76. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.004

Gassó, A. M., Mueller-Johnson, K., Agustina, J. R., & Gómez-Durán, E. L. (2021). Exploring sexting and online sexual victimization during the covid-19 pandemic lockdown. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126662

Gassó, A., Klettke, B., Agustina, J., & Montiel, I. (2019). Sexting, mental health, and victimization among adolescents: A literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(13), 2364. https://doi. org/10.3390/ijerph16132364

Giordano, A. L., Schmit, M. K., Clement, K., Potts, E. E., & Graham, A. R. (2022). Pornography use and sexting trends among american adolescents: Data to inform school counseling programming and practice. Professional School Counseling, 26(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156759x221137287

Goh, Y. S., Tan, S. A., & Gan, S. W. (2023). Sexting motives and sexting behavior among emerging adults in Malaysia during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Gender, Technology and Development, 27(1), 136-156. https://doi.or g/10.1080/09718524.2022.2133360

Handschuh, C., La Cross, A., & Smaldone, A. (2019). Is sexting associated with sexual behaviors during adolescence? A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 64(1), 88-97. https:// doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12923

Hartikainen, H., Razi, A., & Wisniewski, P. (2021). Safe sexting: The advice and support adolescents receive from peers regarding online sexual risks. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 5(42), 1-31. https:// doi.org/10.1145/3449116

Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Lattanner, M. R., Mcketta, S., & Pachankis, J. E. (2024). Structural stigma and LGBTQ+ health: a narrative review of quantitative studies. The Lancet Public Health, 9(2), e109-e127. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S2468-2667(23)00312-2

Holt, K. M., Holt, T. J., Cale, J., Brewer, R., & Goldsmith, A. (2021). Assessing the role of self-control and technology access on adolescent sexting and sext dissemination. Computers in Human Behavior, 125, 106952. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106952

Hosseiniara, R. (2023). General comparison of scientific databases of Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Journal of Preventive and Complementary Medicine, 2(3), 168-169. https://doi.org/10.22034/NCM.2023.380213.1059

Hunehäll Berndtsson, K., & Odenbring, Y. (2021). They don’t even think about what the girl might think about it’: Students’ views on sexting, gender inequalities and power relations in school. Journal of Gender Studies, 30(1), 91-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2020.1825217

Hunter, S. C., Russell, K., Pagani, S., Munro, L., Pimenta, S. M., Marín, I., Jun, L., Hong, S., & Knifton, L. (2021). A Social Ecological Approach to Understanding Adolescent Sexting Behavior. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 50, 2347-2357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-01988-9

Jaishankar, K. (2009). Sexting: A new form of victimless crime? International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 3(1), 21-25. https://www.cybercrimejournal.com/pdf/editorialijccjan2009.pdf

Jeanfreau, M. M., Holden, C., Wright, L. E., & Thompson, R. (2022). Personality and sexting: The relationship between sexting behaviors, sexting expectations, and the big five. Family Journal, 30(1), 50-58. https://doi. org/10.1177/10664807211000721

Joleby, M., Lunde, C., Landström, S., & Jonsson, L. S. (2021). Offender strategies for engaging children in online sexual activity. Child Abuse and Neglect, 120, 105214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105214

Klettke, B., Hallford, D. J., & Mellor, D. J. (2014). Sexting prevalence and correlates: A systematic literature review. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(1), 44-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.10.007

Klettke, B., Hallford, D. J., Clancy, E., Mellor, D. J., & Toumbourou, J. W. (2019). Sexting and psychological distress: The role of unwanted and coerced sexts. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(4), 237-242. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2018.0291

Kosenko, K., Luurs, G., & Binder, A. R. (2017). Sexting and sexual behavior, 2011-2015: A critical review and meta-analysis of a growing literature. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 22(3), 141-160. https://doi. org/10.1111/jcc4.12187

Krieger, M. A. (2017). Unpacking “sexting”: A systematic review of nonconsensual sexting in legal, educational, and psychological literatures. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 18(5), 593-601. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016659486

Lehmiller, J. J., Garcia, J. R., Gesselman, A. N., & Mark, K. P. (2021). Less Sex, but More Sexual Diversity: Changes in Sexual Behavior during the COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic. Leisure Sciences, 43(1-2), 295-304. https://doi. org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1774016

Lim, W. M., Kumar, S., & Ali, F. (2022). Advancing knowledge through literature reviews: ‘what’, ‘why’, and ‘how to contribute.’ The Service Industries Journal, 42(7-8), 481-513. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2022.2047941

Livingstone, S., & Smith, P. K. (2014). Annual research review: Harms experienced by child users of online and mobile technologies: The nature, prevalence and management of sexual and aggressive risks in the digital age. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(6), 635-654. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12197

Madigan, S., Ly, A., Rash, C. L., Van Ouytsel, J., & Temple, J. R. (2018). Prevalence of multiple forms of sexting behavior among youth. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 172(4), 327-335. https://doi. org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.5314

McGovern, A., Crofts, T., Lee, M., & Milivojevic, S. (2016). Media, legal and young people’s discourses around sexting. Global Studies of Childhood, 6(4), 428-441. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043610616676028

Medrano, J. L. J., Lopez, F., & Gámez-Guadix, M. (2018). Assessing the links of sexting, cybervictimization, depression, and suicidal ideation among university students. Archives of Suicide Research, 22(1), 153-164. https://doi. org/10.1080/13811118.2017.1304304

Mercado, C., Pedroza, F. J., & Martínez, K. I. (2016). Sexting: Su definición, factores de riesgo y consecuencias. Revista Sobre la Infancia y la Adolescencia, 10, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.4995/reinad.2016.3934

Molla-Esparza, C., Losilla, J. M., & López-González, E. (2020). Prevalence of sending, receiving and forwarding sexts among youths: A three-level meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 15(12), e0243653. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0243653

Morelli, M., Urbini, F., Bianchi, D., Baiocco, R., Cattelino, E., Laghi, F., Sorokowski, P., Misiak, M., Dziekan, M., Hudson, H., Marshall, A., Nguyen, T. T., Mark, L., Kopecky, K., Szotkowski, R., Toplu Demirtaş, E., Van Ouytsel, J., Ponnet, K., Walrave, M., ... Chirumbolo, A. (2021). The Relationship between Dark Triad Personality Traits and Sexting Behaviors among Adolescents and Young Adults across 11 Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2526. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052526

Mori, C., Cooke, J. E., Temple, J. R., Ly, A., Lu, Y., Anderson, N., Rash, C., & Madigan, S. (2020). The prevalence of sexting behaviors among emerging adults: A Meta-Analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(4), 1103-1119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01656-4

Mori, C., Park, J., Temple, J. R., & Madigan, S. (2022). Are youth sexting rates still on the rise? A meta-analytic update. Journal of Adolescent Health, 70(4), 531-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.10.026

Mori, C., Temple, J. R., Browne, D., & Madigan, S. (2019). Association of sexting with sexual behaviors and mental health among adolescents. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(8), 770-779. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1658

Nagata, J. M., Lee, C. M., Yang, J., Al-shoaibi, A. A. A., Ganson, K. T., Testa, A., & Jackson, D. B. (2023). Associations between sexual orientation and early adolescent screen use: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Annals of Epidemiology, 82, 54-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.03.004

Ngo, F., Jaishankar, K., & Agustina, J. R. (2017). Sexting: Current research gaps and legislative issues. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 11(2), 161-168. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1037369

Ojeda, M., & Del Rey, R. (2022). Lines of action for sexting prevention and intervention: A systematic review. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(3), 1659-1687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02089-3

Pacheco, B. M., Lozano, J. L., & González, N. (2018). Diagnóstico de utilización de redes sociales: Factor de riesgo para el adolescente. RIDE Revista Iberoamericana Para la Investigación y el Desarrollo Educativo, 8(16), 53-72. https://doi.org/10.23913/ride.v8i16.334

Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2024). The nature and extent of youth sextortion: Legal implications and directions for future research. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 42(4), 401-416. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2667

Paulus, F. W., Nouri, F., Ohmann, S., Möhler, E., & Popow, C. (2024). The impact of Internet pornography on children and adolescents: A systematic review. L’Encéphale, 50(6), 649-662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2023.12.004

Pearlman, C. (2022). First Phone: A Child’s Guide to Digital Responsibility, Safety, and Etiquette. Penguin. Pistoni, C., Martinez Damia, S., Alfieri, S., Marta, E., Confalonieri, E., & Pozzi, M. (2023). What are the predictors of sexting behavior among adolescents? The positive youth development approach. Journal of Adolescence, 95(4), 661-671. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12142

Resett, S., Caino, P. G., & Mesurado, B. (2022). Problemas emocionales, personalidad oscura, sexting y grooming en adolescentes: el rol del género y la edad. Revista CES Psicologia, 15(2), 23-43. https://doi.org/10.21615/cesp.6132

Rosenberg, E. (2011). In Weiner’s wake, a brief history of the word ‘sexting’. The Wire. https://www.theatlantic.com/ national/archive/2011/06/brief-history-sexting/351598/

Ross, J. M., Drouin, M., & Coupe, A. (2019). Sexting coercion as a component of intimate partner polyvictimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(11), 2269-2291. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516660300

Ruvalcaba, Y., Mercer, L., Everett, S., Mercado, M. C., Leemis, R. W., & Ma, Z.-Q. (2022). Adolescent sexting, violence, and sexual behaviors: An analysis of 2014 and 2016 Pennsylvania Youth Risk Behavior Survey Data. Journal of School Health, 93(8), 690-697. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.13290

Schoeps, K., Hernández, M. P., Garaigordobil, M., & Montoya-Castilla, I. (2020). Factores de riesgo de ser víctima de online grooming en adolescentes. Psicothema, 32(1), 15-23. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2019.179

Seto, M. C., Roche, K., Stroebel, M., Gonzalez-Pons, K., & Goharian, A. (2023). Sending, receiving, and nonconsensually sharing nude or near‐nude images by youth. Journal of Adolescence, 95(4), 672-685. https://doi. org/10.1002/jad.12143

Slane, A. (2013). Sexting and the law in Canada. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 22(3), 117-122. https://doi. org/10.3138/cjhs.22.3.C01

Smith, L. W., Liu, B., Degenhardt, L., Richters, J., Patton, G., Wand, H., Cross, D., Hocking, J. S., Skinner, S. R., Cooper, S., Lumby, C., Kaldor, J. M., & Guy, R. (2016). Is sexual content in new media linked to sexual risk behaviour in young people? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sexual Health, 13(6), 501-515. https://doi.org/10.1071/ sh16037

Sutton, S., & Finkelhor, D. (2023). Perpetrators’ identity in online crimes against children: A meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 25(3), 1756-1768. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380231194072

Tamarit, A., Schoeps, K., Peris-Hernández, M., & Montoya-Castilla, I. (2021). The impact of adolescent internet addiction on sexual online victimization: The mediating effects of sexting and body self-esteem. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 4226. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084226

Tarazi, A. (2024). Comparative analysis of the bibliographic data sources using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lens. High Yield Medical Reviews, 2(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.59707/hymrunhw4628

Van der Gaag, R., Gwendolyn, G., & Boendermaker, L. (2023). Professional competencies for sexuality and relationships education in child and youth social care: A scoping review. Children and Youth Services Review, 158, 107258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107258

Van Ouytsel, J., Lu, Y., Shin, Y., Avalos, B. L., & Pettigrew, J. (2021). Sexting, pressured sexting and associations with dating violence among early adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 125, 106969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chb.2021.106969

Van Ouytsel, J., Lu, Y., & Temple, J. R. (2022). An exploratory study of online early sexual initiation through pressured and unwanted sexting. The Journal of Sex Research, 59(6), 742-748. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499 .2021.1963650

Van Ouytsel, J., Walrave, M., & Ponnet, K. (2018). Adolescent sexting research. JAMA Pediatrics, 172(5), 405-406. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0013

Van Ouytsel, J., Walrave, M., Marez, L. De, Vanhaelewyn, B., & Ponnet, K. (2020). A first investigation into gender minority adolescents’ sexting experiences. Journal of Adolescence, 84, 213-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. adolescence.2020.09.007

Wachs, S., Wright, M., Gámez-Guadix, M., & Döring, N. (2021). How are consensual, non-consensual, and pressured sexting linked to depression and self-harm? The moderating effects of demographic variables. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052597

Walker, K., & Sleath, E. (2017). A systematic review of the current knowledge regarding revenge pornography and non-consensual sharing of sexually explicit media. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 36, 9-24. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.06.010

Wolak, J., Finkelhor, D., Walsh, W., & Treitman, L. (2018). Sextortion of minors: Characteristics and dynamics. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62(1), 72-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.08.014

Yépez-Tito, P., Ferragut, M., & Blanca, M. J. (2021). Character strengths as protective factors against engagement in sexting in adolescence. Anales de Psicología, 37(1), 142-148. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.414411

Citaciones

Citas en Crossref

Citas en Scopus

Citas en Google Sholar

Citas en Europe PMC