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Resumen
La adolescencia se caracteriza por una mayor toma de riesgos. Los modelos de sistemas duales explican esta etapa como un desequilibrio entre los sistemas de recompensa socioemocional y de control cognitivo. Este estudio aplica dichos modelos para explorar aspectos neurocognitivos del uso de métodos anticonceptivos (MAC) en adolescentes. Se analizaron las trayectorias de propensión al riesgo, autorregulación y consideración de consecuencias futuras (CCF), teniendo en cuenta el sexo y el nivel socioeconómico, en una muestra de adolescentes de Montevideo (Uruguay). Se empleó un diseño longitudinal prospectivo de panel con dos mediciones separadas por 20 meses: T1 (314 casos) y T2 (49 casos). Se utilizaron tareas conductuales (BART, Stoplight, Tower of London), la escala de CCF y cuestionarios. Se observaron disminuciones en la propensión al riesgo y en la inmediatez, lo que coincide con el patrón de desarrollo en U invertida del sistema de recompensa. No se hallaron cambios en la autorregulación ni en la CCF-Futuro, lo cual es congruente con modelos que plantean una meseta en el desarrollo del sistema de control cognitivo. La disminución de la propensión al riesgo se asoció con un menor uso de MAC ineficaces en la última relación sexual. Los resultados subrayan la importancia de comprender el desarrollo neurocognitivo y su impacto en la salud sexual y reproductiva durante la adolescencia, especialmente en contextos del Sur Global.
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