Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Los autores que publiquen en esta Revista aceptan las siguientes condiciones:
Acta Colombiana de Psicología se guía por las normas internacionales sobre propiedad intelectual y derechos de autor, y de manera particular el artículo 58 de la Constitución Política de Colombia, la Ley 23 de 1982 y el Acuerdo 172 del 30 de Septiembre de 2010 (Reglamento de propiedad intelectual de la Universidad Católica de Colombia)
Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y ceden a la Revista el derecho de la primera publicación, con el trabajo registrado con la Este obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional, que permite a terceros utilizar lo publicado siempre que mencionen la autoría del trabajo y a la primera publicación en esta Revista.
Resumen
El trolling mediante las nuevas tecnologías es un comportamiento disruptivo, molesto y destructivo, con una gran relevancia psicosocial, legal y jurídica. No existen estudios en la literatura científica que hayan examinado las propiedades de un instrumento para evaluarlo. El propósito del presente estudio fue observar las propiedades del Cuestionario Revisado de Trolling de Buckels et al. en una muestra de adultos argentinos. Se constituyó una muestra intencional de 837 participantes argentinos (edad promedio=28,4 años; 61% mujeres). Completaron el Cuestionario Revisado de Trolling de Buckels et al., un cuestionario de personalidad oscura (maquiavelismo, psicopatía y narcicismo), de adicción a internet, de cyberstalking y preguntas sociodemográficas. Un análisis factorial exploratorio como confirmatorio indicó una correcta estructura unifactorial. La consistencia interna fue adecuada: α de Cronbach = .80 y Omega coefficient (ω) = .81. La validez concurrente del cuestionario se observó con el cyberstalking, la personalidad oscura (maquiavelismo, narcisismo y psicopatía) y el uso problemático de Internet. El maquiavelismo y la disfuncionalidad eran las variables más asociadas al trolling. De este modo, la versión al español argentino de dicho test mostró evidencia de adecuadas propiedades psicométricas.
Citas
Akhtar, S., & Morrison, C. (2019). The prevalence and impact of online trolling of UK members of parliament. Computers in Human Behavior, 99, 322-327. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.05.015
Aydın, A., Arda, B., Güneş. B., & Erbaş, O. (2021). Psychopathology of Cyberbullying and Internet Trolling. Journal of Experimental and Basic Medical Sciences, 2(3), 380-391. https://www.jebms.org/full-text/79
Bentler, P. M. (1992). On the fit of models to covariances and methodology to the Bulletin. Psychological Bulletin, 112(3), 400-404.
Boomsma, A., & Hoogland, J. J. (2001). The Robustness of LISREL Modeling Revisited. In R. Cudeck, S. du Toit, & D. Sörbom (Eds.), Structural Equation Models: Present and Future. A Festschrift in Honor of Karl Jöreskog (pp. 139-168). Scientific Software International.
Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford Press.
Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. & Andjelovic, T., & Paulhus, D. L. (2018). Internet Trolling and Everyday Sadism: Parallel Effects on Pain Perception and Moral Judgment. Journal of Personality, 87(2), 328-340. https://doi. org/10.1111/jopy.12393
Buckels, E., Trapnell, P., & Paulhus, D. (2014). Trolls just want to have fun. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 97-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.016
Byrne, B. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Routledge. Byrne, B. (2012). Structural equation modeling with MPLUS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Routledge.
Case, C., & King, D. (2018). Internet Trolling Victimization: An Empirical Examination of Incidence in Undergraduate Business Students. Research in Higher Education Journal, 34, 32-40. https://www.aabri.com/ manuscripts/172726.pdf
Chou, C.-P., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Estimation and tests in structural equation modeling. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 37–55). Sage.
Cook, C., Corcoran, L., Mc Guckin, C., & Prentice, G. (2015). Cyberbullying or Cyber Aggression? A Review of Existing Definitions of Cyber-Based Peer-to-Peer Aggression. Societies, 5(2), 245-255. https://doi. org/10.3390/soc5020245
Craker, N., & March, E. (2016). The dark side of Facebook®: The Dark Tetrad, negative social potency, and trolling behaviours. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 79-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.043
Cupani, M. (2012). Análisis de Ecuaciones Estructurales: conceptos, etapas de desarrollo y un ejemplo de aplicación. Tesis, 1,186-199. https://rdu.unc.edu.ar/bitstream/ handle/11086/22039/16.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Curran, P. J., West, S. G, & Finch, J. F. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 1, 16-29. https://web.archive. org/web/20170808040148id_/http://hbanaszak.mjr. uw.edu.pl/TempTxt/CurranEtAl_1996_RobustnessOfTe stStatistToNonormalityInCFA.pdf
DeVellis, R. F. (2012). Scale Development: Theory and Applications. Sage. Dynel, M. (2016). “Trolling is not stupid”: Internet trolling as the art of deception serving entertainment. Intercultural Pragmatics, 13(3), 353-381. https://doi.org/10.1515/ ip-2016-0015
Fichman, P., & Sanfilippo, M. R. (2016). Online trolling and its perpetrators: Under the cyberbridge. Rowman & Littlefield. Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics And Sex and Drugs and Rock “N” Roll. Sage.
Flora, D. B., LaBrish, C., & Chalmers, R. P. (2012). Old and new ideas for data screening and assumption testing for exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Frontiers in Quantitative Psychology and Measurement, 3(55), Article e55. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00055
Furian, L., & March, E. (2023). Trolling, the Dark Tetrad, and the four-facet spectrum of narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 208, Article e112169. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2023.112169
Furnham, A., Richards, S. C. & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). The Dark Triad of personality: A 10 year review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(3), 199-216. https:// doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12018
Gani, A. (2016, February 9). Internet trolling: quarter of teenagers suffered online abuse last year. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/feb/09/ internet-trolling-teenagers-online-abuse-hate-cyberbullying
González Caino, P., & Resett, S. (2020). Predicción del Trolling desde el sadismo y la adicción a Internet en jóvenes adultos de Buenos Aires. Interacciones, 6(3), Article e178. http://dx.doi.org/10.24016/2020.v6n3.178
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th Edition). Pearson. Hardaker, C. (2010). Trolling in asynchronous computer mediated communication: From user discussions to academic definitions. Journal of Politeness Research, 6(2), 215-242. https://doi.org/10.1515/jplr.2010.011
Hardaker, C. (2013). “Uh... not to be nitpicky, but... the past tense of drag is dragged, not drug”: An overview of trolling strategies. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict, 1(1), 58–86. https://doi.org/10.1075/ jlac.1.1.04har
Hartung, C., Little, C., S., Allen, E., K., & Page, M. (2011). A psychometric comparison of two self-report measures of bullying and victimization: Differences by sex and grade. School Mental Health, 3, 44-57. https://doi. org/10.1007/s12310-010-9046-1
Herring, S.C., Job-Sluder, K., Scheckler, R., & Barab, S. (2002). Searching for Safety Online: Managing “Trolling” in a Feminist Forum. The Information Society, 18(5), 371-384. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240290108186
Hidalgo-Fuentes, S. (2023). La relación de los factores de personalidad y la conducción agresiva: los Cinco Grandes y la Tríada Oscura. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 26(1), 188-199. https://www.doi.org/10.14718/ACP.2023.26. 1.12
Hilvert-Bruce, Z., & Neill, J. (2020). I’m just trolling: The role of normative beliefs in aggressive behaviour in online gaming. Computers in Human Behavior, 102, 303- 311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.09.003
Hu, L.T., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Jones, D. & Paulhus, D. (2010). Different Provocations Trigger Aggression in Narcissists and Psychopaths. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(1), 12- 18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550609347591
Jones, D., & Paulhus, D. (2014). Introducing the short Dark Triad (SD3): A brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28–41. https://doi. org/10.1177/1073191113514105
Kaplan, R. M., & Saccuzzo D. P. (2006). Pruebas psicológicas: principios, aplicaciones y temas. (6th edition). International Thomson.
Kline, R. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th edition). Guilford.
Komaç, G., & Çağıltay, K. (2019, 6-7 November). An Overview of Trolling Behavior in Online Spaces and Gaming Context. Paper presented at 1st International Informatics and Software Engineering Conference, Ankara, Turkey. https://doi.org/10.1109/ UBMYK48245.2019.8965625
Kurniasanti, K.S, Asanti, P., Ismail, R.I., Nasrun. M.W.S., & Wiguna, T. (2019). Internet addiction: a new addiction? Medical Journal of Indonesia, 28(1), 82-91. https://mji. ui.ac.id/journal/index.php/mji/article/view/2752
Lam-Figueroa, N., Contreras-Pulache, H., Mori-Quispe, E., Nizama-Valladolid, M., Gutiérrez, C., HinostrozaCamposano, W., Torrejón Reyes, E., HinostrozaCamposano, R., Coaquira-Condori, E., & HinostrozaCamposano, W. (2011). Adicción a internet: Desarrollo y validación de un instrumento en escolares adolescentes de Lima, Perú. Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública, 28(3), 462-469. https:// doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2011.283.524
Lenhart, A., Ybarra, M., & Price-Feeney, M. (2016). Nonconsensual Image Sharing: One In 25 Americans Has Been A Victim Of “Revenge Porn”. Data & Society Research Institute. https://datasociety.net/pubs/oh/ Nonconsensual_Image_Sharing_2016.pdf
Leone, M. (2017). The art of trolling. Unpublished manuscript, University of Turin. Lloret-Segura, S., Ferreres-Traver, A., Hernández-Baeza, A., & Tomás-Marco, I. (2014). El análisis factorial exploratorio de los ítems: una guía práctica, revisada y actualizada. Anales de Psicología, 30(3), 1151-1169. http:// dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.30.3.199361
Loewenthal, K. M. (2001). An introduction to psychological tests and scales (2nd edition). Psychology Press.
Lopes, B., & Yu, H. (2017). Who do you troll and Why: An investigation into the relationship between the Dark Triad Personalities and online trolling behaviours towards popular and less popular Facebook profiles. Computers in Human Behavior, 77, 69-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chb.2017.08.036
March, E. (2019). Psychopathy, sadism, empathy, and the motivation to cause harm: New evidence confirms malevolent nature of the internet troll. Personality and Individual Differences, 141, 133-137. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.01.001
March, E., Grieve, R., Marrington, J., & Jonason, P. K. (2017). Trolling on Tinder® (and other dating apps): examining the role of the Dark Tetrad and impulsivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 110, 139-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.01.025
March, E., Litten, V., Sullivan, D. H., & Ward, L. (2020). Somebody that I (used to) know: Gender and dimensions of dark personality traits as predictors of intimate partner cyberstalking. Personality and Individual Differences, 163, Article 110084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020. 110084
March, E., & Steele, G. (2020). High Esteem and Hurting Others Online: Trait Sadism Moderates the Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Internet Trolling. Cyberpsychology Behavior, and Social Network, 23(7), 441-446. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.0652
Mehari, K. R., Farrell, A. D., & Le, A. H. (2014). Cyberbullying among adolescents: Measures in search of a construct. Psychology of Violence, 4(4), 399–415. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037521
Miller, J., Lynam, D., Hyatt, C., & Campbell, K. (2017). Controversies in Narcissism. Annual review of clinical psychology, 13(1), 291-315. https://doi.org/10.1146/ annurev-clinpsy-032816-045244
Miller, J., Price, J., Gentile, B., Lynam D., & Campbell, W. (2012). Grandiose and vulnerable narcissism from the perspective of the interpersonal circumplex. Personalilty and Individual Differences, 53(4), 507–512. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.026
Muñiz, J., Elosua, P., & Hambleton, R. K. (2013). Directrices para la traducción y adaptación de los tests: segunda edición. Psicothema, 25(2), 151-157. https://doi. org/10.7334/psicothema2013.24
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Otgaar, H., & Meijer, E. (2017). The malevolent side of human nature: A meta-analysis and critical review of the literature on the dark triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(2), 183–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616666 070
Navarro, J., Marcum, C., Higgins, G., & Ricketts, M. (2015). Addicted to the Thrill of the Virtual Hunt: Examining the Effects of Internet Addiction on the Cyberstalking Behaviors of Juveniles. Deviant Behavior, 37(8), 893- 903. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2016.1153366
Navarro-Carrillo, G., Torres-Marín, J., & Carretero-Dios, H. (2021). Do trolls just want to have fun? Assessing the role of humor-related traits in online trolling behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 114, Article e106551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106551
Nitschinsk, L, Tobin, S.J., & Vanman, E.J. (2022). The Disinhibiting Effects of Anonymity Increase Online Trolling. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Network, 25(6), 377-383. https://doi.org/10.1089/ cyber.2022.0005
Oliden, P. & Zumbo, B. (2008). Coeficientes de fiabilidad para escalas ordinales. Psicothema, 20(4), 896-901. https://www.psicothema.com/pdf/3572.pdf
Ortiz, S. M. (2020). Trolling as a Collective Form of Harassment: An Inductive Study of How Online Users Understand Trolling. Social Media & Society, 6(2), Article e205630512092851. https://doi.org/10.1177/20 56305120928512
Paulhus, D. L, & Williams, K. M. (2002). The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6
Petrosyan, A. (2023, April 3). Number of internet and social media users worldwide as of January 2023. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/617136/digital-popu lation-worldwide/
Phillips, W. (2015). This is why we can’t have nice things: Mapping the relationship between online trolling and mainstream culture. The MIT Press.
Pineda, D., Sandín, B., & Muris, P. (2020). Psychometrics properties of the Spanish version of two Dark Triad scales: The Dirty Dozen and the Short Dark Triad. Current Psychology, 39, 1873–1881. https://doi. org/10.1007/s12144-018-9888-5
Resett, S., & González Caino, P. (2019). Propiedades psicométricas de un Cuestionario de Trolling en una muestra argentina. Revista Argentina de Ciencias del Comportamiento, 11(1), 48-57. https://doi. org/10.32348/1852.4206.v11.n1.20870
Resett, S., & González Caino, P. (2020). Un modelo para predecir el cyberstalking a partir de la personalidad y el uso de TIC. Revista Argentina de Ciencias del Comportamiento (Suplemento), 12(1), 135-136. https:// dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7447330
Resett, S., González Caino, P., & Zapata, J. (2022). Propiedades Psicométricas del Dirty Dozen en Adultos Masculinos Recluidos en Establecimientos Penitenciarios. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación, 2(63), 103- 118. https://doi.org/10.21865/RIDEP63.2.08
Sanfilippo, M. R., Fichman, P., & Yang, S. (2018). Multidimensionality of online trolling behaviors. The Information Society, 34(1), 27–39. https://doi.org/10. 1080/01972243.2017.1391911
Sanfilippo, M. R., Yang, S., & Fichman, P. (2017). Trolling here, there, and everywhere: perceptions of trolling behaviors in context. Journal of the Association for Science and Technology, 68(10), 2313–2337. https://doi. org/10.1002/asi.23902
Schaafsma, J., & Antheunis, M. (2018). Under the bridge: An in-depth examination of online trolling in the gaming context. New Media & Society, 20(9), 3323-3340. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817748578.
Shachaf, P., & Hara, N. (2010). Beyond vandalism: Wikipedia trolls. Journal of Information Science, 36(3), 357-370. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551510365390 Sheridan, L. & Grant, T. (2007). Is cyberstalking different? Psychology, Crime and Law, 13(6), 627-640. https://doi. org/10.1080/10683160701340528
Shorey, R., Cornelius, T. & Strauss, C. (2015). Stalking in College Student Dating Relationships: A Descriptive Investigation. Journal of Family Violence, 30(7), 935- 942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-015-9717-7
Sest, N., & March, E. (2017). Constructing the cyber-troll: Psychopathy, sadism, and empathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 69-72. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.038
Slonje, R., Smith, P., & Frisén, A. (2013). The nature of cyberbullying, and strategies for prevention. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chb.2012.05.024
Smoker, M. & March, E. (2017). Predicting Perpetration of Intimate Partner Cyberstalking: Gender and the Dark Tetrad. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 390-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.012
Solís-Salazar, M. (2015). The dilemma of combining positive and negative items in scales. Psicothema, 27(2), 192-199. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2014.266
Soto, A., de Miguel, N., & Pérez Díaz, V. (2018). An approach to addiction to new technologies: A proposal for prevention in the school environment and rehabilitation treatment. Papeles del Psicólogo, 39(2), 120-126. https:// doi.org/10.23923/pap.psicol2018.2867
Spitzberg, B. H., & Cupach, W. R. (2007). The state of the art of stalking: Taking stock of the emerging literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12(1), 64–86. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2006.05.001
Suárez, J., Pedrosa, I., Lozano, L., García-Cueto, E., Cuesta, M., & Muñiz, J. (2018). Using reversed items in Likert scales: A questionable practice. Psicothema, 30, 149- 158. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2018.33
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2014). Using multivariate statistics (6th edition). Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education.
Van Sonderen, E., Sanderman R., & Coyne J. C. (2013). Ineffectiveness of reverse wording of questionnaire items: Let’s learn from cows in the rain. PLOS ONE, 8, Article e68967. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0068967
Vize, C., Collison, K., Miller, J., & Lynam, D. (2020). The “core” of the Dark Triad: A test of competing hypotheses. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 11(2), 91-99. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000386
Volkmer, S.A., Gaube, S., Raue, M., & Lermer, E. (2023).Troll story: The dark tetrad and online trolling revisited with a glance at humor. PLoS One,18(3), Article e0280271. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280271
Widyanto, L., & Griffiths, M.D. (2011). An Empirical Study of Problematic Internet Use and SelfEsteem. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning, 1(1), 13-24. https://doi. org/10.4018/ijcbpl.2011010102
Wilson, C., Sheridan, L., & Garratt-Reed, D. (2022). Examining Cyberstalking Perpetration and Victimization: A Scoping Review. Trauma Violence Abuse, 6, Article e15248380221082937. https://doi. org/10.1177/15248380221082937
Young, K. S. (2011). CBT-IA: The first treatment model for internet addiction. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 25(4), 304-312. https://doi. org/10.1891/0889-8391.25.4.304
Zezulka, L. & Seigfried-Spellar, K. (2016). Differentiating Cyberbullies and Internet Trolls by Personality Characteristics and Self-Esteem. Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law, 11(3), Article 5. https://doi. org/10.15394/jdfsl.2016.1415