Análisis ecológico de la violencia sexual de pareja en mujeres peruanas.

Abstract

The ecological model explains intimate partner sexual violence by the interaction of multiple factors that coexist at different levels. The aim of this paper was to analyze the interaction between those levels to estimate the increase or decrease of risk in recent sexual violence by the current partner in 21 414 women at childbearing age (M=30.3 years; SD= 9.2), of whom 59.4% were in cohabitation and 56% had independent work. A two-stage sampling by conglomerates and stratified by areas of Peru’s departments was used. To this end, a secondary data analysis from the Demographic and Family Health Survey (2017) was carried out taking into account the modules of violence against women. Four models were determined using the Poisson regression and calculating prevalence ratios and the area under the curve. The results showed that 6.3% of the sample experienced intimate partner sexual violence. Among the individual factors that increase the risk there is a history of domestic violence (PR=1.19 IC:1.07-1.32). In the Microsystem, physical violence (PR = 11.04 IC: 8.49-14.36), economic threats (PR = 2.58 IC:2.24-2.94) and the partner’s frequency of drunkenness were found (PR=1.98 IC:1.53- 2.56). On the contrary, com- munication (PR=0.45 IC:0.40 -0.51) and belonging to higher wealth quintiles (PR=0.59 IC:0.45-0.76) are protective factors of sexual violence. Finally, it is concluded that the simultaneous and reciprocal influence between ecological levels may not be equal regarding the predictive weight of the factors.

Keywords:

Sexual violence Intimate partner violence Ecological model Risk factors

References

Abramsky, T., Watts, C. H., Garcia-Moreno, C., Devries, K., Kiss, L., … Heise, L. (2011). What factors are associated with recent intimate partner violence? Findings from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domes- tic violence. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 1471-2458. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-109

Alarcón, L., & Ortiz, J. (2017). Qué factores se asocian a la vio- lencia psicológica doméstica? Análisis del último decenio de la ENDES. Casus Revista de investigación y casos en salud, 2(1), 11-27. Recuperado de http://casus.ucss.edu.pe/index.php/casus/article/view/28/12

Aldarondo, E., Kantor, G. K., & Jasinski, J. L. (2002). A risk marker analysis of wife assault in Latino families. Violence Against Women, 8(4), 429-454. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/107780120200800403

Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

Barría-Muñoz, J. R., & Macchiavello-Rodríguez, A. (2012). Anatomía de los hombres que ejercen violencia hacia sus parejas: primer levantamiento de datos para el diseño de un perfil. Psicologia.com [Internet], 16(19), 1-29. Recuperado de https://www.academia.edu/27419754/Anatomia_de_los_hombres_que_ejercen_violencia_hacia_sus_parejas

Barrios, Y. V., Gelaye, B., Zhong, Q., Nicolaidis, C., Rondon, M. B., Garcia, P. J., & Williams, M. A. (2015). Association of childhood physical and sexual abuse with intimate part- ner violence, poor general health and depressive symptoms among pregnant women. PloS one, 10(1), e0116609. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116609

Blitchtein, D., & Reyes, E. (2012). Factores asociados a vio- lencia física reciente de pareja hacia la mujer en el Perú, 2004-2007. Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública, 29(1), 35-43. Recuperado de http://www.scielo.org.pe/pdf/rins/v29n1/a06v29n1.pdf

Bott, S., Guedes, A., Goodwin, M., & Mendoza, J. A. (2013). Violencia contra la mujer en América Latina y el Caribe: análisis comparativos de datos de 12 países. Washing- ton: OPS.

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. The American Psychologist, 32(7), 513- 531. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.32.7.513

Casique, I. (2010). Factores de empoderamiento y protección de las mujeres contra la violencia. Revista mexicana de so- ciología, 72(1), 37-71. Recuperado de http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/rms/v72n1/v72n1a2.pdf

Castillo, M. (2011). Violencia de pareja en el Paraguay según la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud Sexual y Reproductiva 2008. Revista Latinoamericana de Población, 5(9), 27-48. Recuperado de https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3238/323827305002.pdf

Castro, R. J., Cerellino, L. P., & Rivera, R. (2017). Risk fac- tors of violence against women in Peru. Journal of family violence, 32(8), 807-815. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-017-9929-0.

Devries, K., Watts, C., Yoshihama, M., Kiss, L., Schraiber, L. B., … Garcia-Moreno, C. (2011). Violence against wo- men is strongly associated with suicide attempts: eviden- ce from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence against women. Social science & medicine, 73(1), 79-86. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. socscimed.2011.05.006

Ellsberg, M. C., Winkvist, A., Peña, R., & Stenlund, H. (2001). Women's strategic responses to violence in Nicaragua. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 55(8), 547- 555. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.55.8.547

Enríquez-Canto, Y., Ortiz-Romaní, K., & Ortiz-Montalvo, Y. (2017). Análisis de los determinantes próximos e impacto de la ocupación en la fertilidad de mujeres peruanas. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 41(1), 1-10. Recuperado de https://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?pid=S1020-49892017000100208&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt

Espelt A., Marí-Dell’Olmo M., Penelo E., Bosque-Prous M. (2017). Estimación de la Razón de Prevalencia con distintos modelos de Regresión: Ejemplo de un estudio internacional en investigación de las adicciones. Adicciones, 29(2), 105-112. doi: https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.823

Espinoza-Bravo, S. P. (2018). Violencia sexual en la pareja: una práctica invisibilizada (tesis de licenciatura), Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano, Santiago de Chile, Chile. Recuperado de http://bibliotecadigital.academia.cl/handle/123456789/4601

Flake, D. F. (2005). Individual, family, and communi- ty risk markers for domestic violence in Peru. Violence against women, 11(3), 353-373. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801204272129

Garcia-Moreno, C., Jansen, H., Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., & Watts, C. (2006). Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence. Lancet, 368(9543), 1260-1269. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69523-8

Halford, W. K., Sanders, M. R, & Behrens, B. C. (2000). Repeating the errors of our parents? Family-of-origin spou- se violence and observed conflict management in engaged couples. Family Process, 39(2), 219-235. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2000.39206.x

Heise, L. L. (1998). Violence against women: An integrated, ecological framework. Violence Against Women, 4(3), 262- 290. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801298004003002

Heru, A. M., Stuart, G. L., & Recupero, P. R. (2007). Family functioning in suicidal inpatients with intimate partner vio- lence. Primary care companion to the Journal of clinical psychiatry, 9(6), 413-418. Recuperado de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2139922/

Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática [INEGI]. (2017a). Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud familiar ENDES-2017. Nacional y Departamental. Recuperado de https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1525/index.html

Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática [INEGI]. (2017b). Perú: Indicadores de violencia familiar y sexual, 2000-2017. Recuperado de https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1465/libro.pdf

Ismayilova, L. (2015). Spousal violence in 5 transitional cou- ntries: A population-based multilevel analysis of indivi- dual and contextual factors. American journal of public health, 105(11), e12-e22. doi: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302779

Jaén, C., Rivera, S., Amorin, E., & Rivera, L. (2015). Violencia de Pareja en Mujeres: Prevalencia y Factores Asociados. Acta de Investigación Psicológica, 5(3), 2224-2240. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2007-4719(16)30012-6

Karamagi, C. A., Tumwine, J. K., Tylleskar, T., & Heggenhougen, K. (2006). Intimate partner violence aga- inst women in eastern Uganda: implications for HIV pre- vention. BMC public health, 6(1), 284. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-6-284

Kishor, S., & Kiersten, J. (2006). Perfil de la violencia do- méstica: un estudio en varios países. Calverton: Macro International Inc. Recuperado de https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/OD38/OD38.pdf

Krebs, C., Breiding, M. J., Browne, A., & Warner, T. (2011). The association between different types of intimate part- ner violence experienced by women. Journal of Family Violence, 26(6), 487-500. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-011-9383-3

Martínez, A., Landa, S., Echeburúa, E., & Rovira, D. (2016). Factores de riesgo asociados a la violencia sufrida por la mujer en la pareja: una revisión de meta- análisis y estudios recientes. Anales de Psicología, 32(1), 295-306. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.32.1.189161

Montero, I., & León, O. G. (2007). A guide for naming research studies in Psychology. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 7(3), 847-862. Recuperado de http://www.aepc.es/ijchp/GNEIP07_es.pdf

Nóblega, M. N. (2012). Risk and protective factors for phy- sical and emotional intimate partner violence against women in a community of Lima, Peru. Journal of inter- personal violence, 27(18), 3644-3659. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512447522

Organización Mundial de la Salud [OMS]. (2002). Informe mundial sobre la violencia y la salud. Washington, D. C.: OMS. Recuperado de https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/es/summary_es.pdf

Organización Mundial de la Salud [OMS]. (2005). Estudio multipaís de la OMS sobre salud de la mujer y la violencia doméstica: resumen del informe. Ginebra: OMS. Recuperado de http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43390

Organización Mundial de la Salud [OMS]. (2012). Understanding and addressing violence against women: Intimate partner violence (Paper No. WHO/RHR/12.36). Ginebra: OMS. Recuperado de https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/77432

Organización Mundial de la Salud [OMS]. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non- partner sexual violence. Washington, D. C.: OMS.

Postmus, J. L., Plummer, S. B., McMahon, S., Murshid, N. S., & Kim, M. S. (2012). Understanding economic abuse in the lives of survivors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(3), 411-430. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260511421669

Puente-Martínez, A., Ubillos-Landa, S., Echeburúa, E., & Páez-Rovira, D. (2016). Factores de riesgo asociados a la violencia sufrida por la mujer en la pareja: una revi- sión de meta-análisis y estudios recientes. Anales de psi- cología, 32(1), 295-306. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.32.1.189161

Rey-Anacona, C. A. (2017). Diferencias por sexo y varia- bles asociadas con las agresiones sexuales en el noviazgo en universitarios. Psychologia. Avances de la disciplina, 11(1), 25-37. Recuperado de https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2972/297251403002.pdf

Rodriguez-Menés, J., Puig, D., & Sobrino, C. (2014). Poly- and distinct-victimization in histories of violence against women. Journal of Family Violence, 29(8), 849-858. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10896-014-9638-x

Stark, E. (2007). Coercive control: How men entrap women in personal life. Nueva York, EE.UU: Oxford University Press.

Reference by