Violência de gênero em mulheres estudantes universitárias: evidências sobre a prevalência e sobre os fatores associados

Abstract

Gender-based violence against women is related to gender inequality and is understood as the disruption of any form of the woman’s integrity. It can be physical, sexual, psychological, patrimonial, economic or moral, and can occur in the private-family environment as well as in the work and public spaces. Gender-based violence affects the health and quality of life of women and can be disseminated in several ways in the university environments, which also affects the women’s academic development. The present study aimed to analyze the evidence about the prevalence of gender-based violence among female university students and its associated factors. This is an integrative literature review performed in the LILACS, PubMed, CINAHL, ERIC and ASSIA databases, in which 22 articles met the selection criteria. Evidence available in the literature have indicated different forms of gender-based violence among college women perpetrated by intimate partners and other aggressors. The prevalence of gender-based violence in female university students reported in the studies varied between 1.3% and 85%, differing according to the type of violence. Such violence is associated to social and behavioral factors, as younger students presented higher rates of violence, as well as those of a non-white race/ethnicity, those who identified themselves as homosexual or bisexual, and those with a previous history of victimization. Evidence about the use of alcohol and other drugs by women and their participation in social fraternities or sororities differed according to the type of violence. Thus, one may conclude that the prevalence of gender-based violence among the population of female university students varies according to its typification, is mostly perpetrated by men close to the women and is associated with social markers.

Keywords:

review violence against women students gender inequality women’s heal

References

Amacker, A. M., & Littleton, H. L. (2013). Perceptions of similarity and responsibility attributions to an acquaintance sexual assault victim. Violence Against Women, 19(11), 1384-1407. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801213514860

Aromataris, E., & Munn, Z. (eds.). (2020). JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. JBI. https://synthesismanual.jbi.global. https://doi.org/10.46658/JBIMES-20-01

Bandeira, L. M. (2014). Violência de gênero: a construção de um campo teórico e de investigação. Revista Sociedade e Estado, 29(2). https://doi.org/10.1590/ S0102-69922014000200008

Bandeira, L. M. (2017) Trotes, assédios e violência sexual nos campi Universitários no Brasil. GÊNERO, 17(2), 49-79. https://periodicos.uff.br/revistagenero/article/ view/31263/18352

Barchi, F., Winter, S., Dougherty, D., & Ramaphane, P. (2018). Intimate partner violence against women in northwestern Botswana: The maun women’s study. Violence Against Women, 24(16), 1909-1927. https://doi. org/10.1177/1077801218755976

Barrick, K., Krebs, C. P., & Lindquist, C. H. (2013). Intimate partner violence victimization among undergraduate women at historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs). Violence Against Women, 19(8), 1014-1033. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801213499243

Barros, E. N., Silva M. A., Falbo Neto G. H., Lucena S. G., Ponzo, L., & Pimentel, A. P. (2016). Prevalence and factors associated with intimate partner violence among women in Recife/Pernambuco, Brazil. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 21(2), 591-598. https://doi. org/10.1590/1413-81232015212.10672015

Biroli, F. (2018). Gênero e desigualdades: os limites da democracia no Brasil. Boitempo

Borges, J. L., Heine, J. A., & Dell’Aglio, D. D. (2020). Variables personales y contextuales predictivas de perpetración de violencia en el noviazgo en la adolescencia. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 23(2), 449-459. https:// doi.org/10.14718/ACP.2020.23.2.16

Brasil. Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira. (2019). Censo da Educação Superior 2018: notas estatísticas. https://download.inep.gov.br/ educacao_superior/censo_superior/documentos/2019/ censo_da_educacao_superior_2018-notas_estatisticas.pdf

Brock Carneiro, J., Pereira Gomes, N., Matheus Estrela, F., Damasceno Santana, J., Santos Mota, R., & Lorenzini Erdmann, A. (2017) Violência conjugal: repercussões para mulheres e filhas(os). Escola Anna Nery, 21(4). https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-ean-2016-0346

Buelna, C., Ulloa, E. C., & Ulibarri, M. D. (2009). Sexual relationship power as a mediator between dating violence and sexually transmitted infections among college women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(8), 1338-1357. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260508322193

Buhi, E. R., Clayton, H., & Surrency, H. H. (2009). Stalking victimization among college women and subsequent help-seeking behaviors. Journal of American College Health, 57(4), 419-426. https://doi.org/10.3200/ JACH.57.4.419-426

Carey, K. B., Durney, S. E., Shepardson, R. L., & Carey, M. P. (2015). Incapacitated and forcible rape of college women: Prevalence across the first year. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(6), 678-680. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.02.018

Crenshaw, K. (2002). Documento para o encontro de especialistas em aspectos da discriminação racial relativos ao gênero. Revista Estudos Feministas, 10(1), 171-188. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-026X2002000100011

Damra, J. K., & Abujilban, S. (2018). Violence against women and its consequences on women’s reproductive health and depression: A Jordanian sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(5-6), 1-17. https://doi. org/10.1177/0886260518770649

Dixon, K. J., Edwards, K. M., & Gidycz, C. A. (2015). The association of investment model variables and dyadic patterns of physical partner violence: A study of college women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31(16), 2751-2770. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515580364

Domínguez Fernández, M., Martínez Silva, I. M., VázquezPortomeñe, F., & Rodríguez Calvo, M. S. (2017). Características y consecuencias de la violencia de género: estudio de casos confirmados por sentencia judicial. Revista Española de Medicina Legal, 43(3), 115-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reml.2017.05.001

Enríquez-Canto, Y., Ortiz-Montalvo, Y. J., Ortiz-Romaní, K. J., & Díaz-Gervasi, G. M. (2020). Ecological analysis of intimate partner sexual violence in Peruvian women. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 23(1), 272-286. http:// doi.org/10.14718/ACP.2020.23.1.13

Fontenot, H. B., & Fantasia, H. C. (2010). Unwanted sex. The Nurse Practitioner, 35(10), 49-53. https://doi. org/10.1097/01.npr.0000388209.08734.81

Herrera Paredes, J. M. & Arena Ventura, C. A. (2010). Consumo de alcohol y violencia doméstica contra las mujeres: un estudio con estudiantes universitarias de México. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 18, 557-64. https://doi.org/10.1590/ S0104-11692010000700011

Hirigoyen, M. F. (2003). Acoso moral contextos, diferencias, consecuencias y medidas. Norte de Salud Mental, 5(18), 39-47. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articu lo/4830119.pdf

Hossain, M. B., Memiah, P., & Adeynka, A. (2014). Are female college students who are diagnosed with depression at greater risk of experiencing sexual violence on college campus Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 25(3), 1341-1359. https://doi.org/10.1353/ hpu.2014.0146

Kachaeva, M., & Shport, S. (2017). Psychological and psychiatric consequences of violence against Women. European Psychiatry, 41, Article S904. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1851

Katz, J., & Rich, H. (2015). Partner covictimization and post-breakup stalking, pursuit, and violence: A retrospective study of college women. Journal of Family Violence, 30(2), 189-199. https://doi:10.1007/s10896-014-9665-7

Kavak, F., Aktürk, Ü., Özdemir, A., & Gültekin, A. (2018). The relationship between domestic violence against women and suicide risk. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 32(4), 574-579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2018.03.016

Kotan, Z., Kotan, V. O., Yalvaç, H. D., & Demir, S. (2020). Association of domestic violence against women with sociodemographic factors, clinical features, and dissociative symptoms in patients who receive services from psychiatric outpatient units in Turkey. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(15-16), 2711-2731. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0886260517703372

Kouta, C., Tolma, E. L., & Pavlou, S. E. (2013). Date rape among Cypriot female college students: An explorative study. Global Health Promotion, 20(3), 38-46. https:// doi.org/10.1177/1757975913499033

Krebs, C. P., Lindquist, C. H., Warner, T. D., Fisher, B. S., & Martin, S. L. (2009). College women’s experiences with physically forced, alcohol- or other drug-enabled, and drug-facilitated sexual assault before and since entering college. Journal of American College Health, 57(6), 639-649. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.6.639-649

Leite, F. M. C., Santos, D. F., Castro, D. S., Netto, L. A., Moura, M. A. V., & Lima, E. F. A. (2017). Percepção de mulheres acerca da violência vivenciada. Revista de Pesquisa: Cuidado é Fundamental Online, 9(1), 193- 199. http://www.index-f.com/pesquisa/2017/91193.php

Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher D. (2009). The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration. PLoS Med, 6(7): e1000100. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pmed.1000100

Lindquist, C. H., Barrick, K., Krebs, C., Crosby, C. M., Lockard, A. J., & Sanders-Phillips, K. (2013). The context and consequences of sexual assault among undergraduate women at historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs). Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(12), 2437-2461. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513479032

López, O. C. (2017). La violencia económica y/o patrimonial contra las mujeres en el ámbito familiar. Persona y Familia, 1(6), 39-58. https://doi.org/10.33539/peryfa.2017.n6.468

McDaniel, A. (2018). Women’s rising share of tertiary enrollment: A cross-national analysis. FIRE: Forum for International Research in Education, 1(2). https://doi. org/10.18275/fire201401021016

Melnyk, B. M. & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2005). Making the case for evidence based practice. Em: B. M. Melnyk, & E. Fineout-Overholt (orgs.). Evidencebased practice in nursing & healthcare. A guide to best practice (pp. 3-24). Lippincot Williams & Wilkins.

Messman-Moore, T. L., Ward, R. M., & Brown, A. L. (2009). Substance Use and PTSD symptoms impact the likelihood of rape and revictimization in college women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(3), 499-521. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260508317199

Messman-Moore, T. L., Ward, R. M., & DeNardi, K. A. (2013). The impact of sexual enhancement alcohol expectancies and risky behavior on alcohol-involved rape among college women. Violence Against Women, 19(4), 449-464. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801213487058

Navarro-Mantas, L., & Velásquez, M. J. (2016). Herramientas para prevenir la violencia de género: implicaciones de un registro diario de situaciones de desigualdad de género. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 19(2), 139-148. https:// doi.org/10.14718/ACP.2016.19.2

Organización Panamericana de la Salud & Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Violencia contra las mujeres en América Latina y el Caribe: análisis comparativo de datos poblacionales de 12 países. https://www3.paho.org/hq/in dex.php?option=com_docman&view=download&- category_slug=violencia-5197&alias=24353-vio lencia-contra-mujeres-america-latina-caribe-ana lisis-comparativo-datos-poblacionales-12-pai ses-353&Itemid=270&lang=en

Orozco Vargas, A. E., Mercado Monjardín, M. R., García López, G. I., Venebra Muñoz, A., & Aguilera Reyes, U. (2021). Creencias sobre la violencia y sus efectos en la prevalencia de la violencia en el noviazgo. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 24(1), 154-166. https://www. doi.org/10.14718/ACP.2021.24.1.14

Pinto, E. J. S., Amorim, V. G., & Carvalho, M. E. P. (2016). Entre discriminação explícita e velada: experiências de alunas de física na educação superior. Diversidade e Educação, 4(8), 13-32. https://seer.furg.br/divedu/ article/view/6737/4422

Ricoldi, A., & Artes, A. (2016). Mulheres no ensino superior brasileiro: espaço garantido e novos desafios. ex æquo, 33, 149-161. https://exaequo.apem-estudos. org/files/2016-07/10_MULHERES_NO_ENSINO_ SUPERIOR_BRASILEIRO.pdf

Saffioti, H. I. B. (2001). Contribuições feministas para o estudo da violência de gênero. Cadernos Pagu, 16, 115- 136. https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/ cadpagu/article/view/8644541

Saffioti, H. I. B. (2015). Gênero, patriarcado, violência. Expressão Popular. Sandberg, D. A., Valdez, C. E., Engle, J. L., & Menghrajani, E. (2019). Attachment anxiety as a risk factor for subsequent intimate partner violence victimization: A 6-month prospective study among college women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(7), 1410-1427. https://doi. org/10.1177/0886260516651314

Santos, H. C. C., Ramos, E. S., & Espínola, M. R. B. (2015). Rompendo barreiras, conquistando espaços: o movimento feminista no combate às desigualdades à luz da constituição federal de 1988. Revista Dat@venia, 7(1), 158-170. http://revista.uepb.edu.br/index.php/datavenia/ article/view/3624-10886-1/2053

Schry, A. R., & White, S. W. (2013). Sexual assertiveness mediates the effect of social interaction anxiety on sexual victimization risk among college women. Behavior Therapy, 44(1), 125-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2012.09.001 Scott, J. (1995). Gênero: uma categoria útil de análise histórica. Educação & Realidade, 20(2), 71-99. https://www.seer.ufrgs.br/educacaoerealidade/article/ viewFile/71721/40667

Souza Santos, M., & Jaeger, F. P. (2018). “Até hoje não sei o que é a palavra amor!”: o impacto do abuso sexual em mulheres. DiÁLOGO, 37, 9-20. http://dx.doi. org/10.18316/dialogo.v0i37.3430

Sutherland, M. A., Fantasia, H. C., & Fontenot, H. (2015). Reproductive coercion and partner violence among college women. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 44(2), 218-227. https://doi. org/10.1111/1552-6909.12550

Sutherland, M. A., Fantasia, H. C., & Hutchinson, M. K. (2016). Screening for intimate partner and sexual violence in college women: Missed opportunities. Women’s Health Issues, 26(2), 217-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. whi.2015.07.008

Tetikcok, R., Ozer, E., Cakir, L., Enginyurt, O., İscanli, M. D., Cankaya, S., & Ozer, F. (2016). Violence towards women is a public health problem. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 44, 150-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jflm.2016.10.009

Tora, A. (2013). Assessment of sexual violence against female students in Wolaita Sodo University, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(11), 2351-2367. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512475316

Whittemore, R., & Knafl, K. (2005). The integrative review: Updated methodology. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 52(5), 546-553. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365 -2648.2005.03621.x

Wigderson, S., & Katz, J. (2015). Feminine ideology and sexual assault: Are more traditional college women at greater risk? Violence Against Women, 21(5), 616-631. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801215573333

Yamakawa, E. K., Kubota, F. I., Beuren, F. H., Scalvenzi, L., & Cauchick Miguel, P. A. (2014). Comparing the bibliographic management softwares: Mendeley, EndNote and Zotero. Transinformação, 26(2), 167-176. https://doi. org/10.1590/0103-37862014000200006

Yoon, E., Funk, R. S., & Kropf, N. P. (2010). Sexual harassment experiences and their psychological correlates among a diverse sample of college women. Affilia, 25(1), 8-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109909354979

Reference by