How to Cite
Nascimento Junior, J. R. A. do, Freire, G. L. M., Fiorese, L., & Cronin, L. D. (2025). Psychometric Properties of the Portuguese Language Version of the Sport Motivation Scale-II among Brazilian Youth Team Sports Participants. Acta Colombiana De Psicología, 28, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.14718/ACP.2025.28.9
License
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

 Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:

 Acta Colombiana de Psicología complies with international intellectual property and copyright laws, and particularly with Article No. 58 of the Political Constitution of Colombia, Law No. 23 of 1982, and the Agreement No. 172 of September 30, 2010 (Universidad Católica de Colombia Intellectual Property Regulation).

 Authors retain their copyright and grant to the Acta Colombiana de Psicología the right of first publication, with the work registered under Creative Commons attribution license, which allows third parties to use the published material, provided they credit the authorship of the work and the first publication in this Journal.

Abstract

 This research analyzed the psychometric properties of the Portuguese language version of the Sport Motiva­tion Scale-II (SMS-II) among Brazilian youth team sport participants. Phase 1 included 590 sport participants (Mage = 14.92 years; SD = 1.68). Within this study, of the six models tested, only the six-factor and five-factor models (without the introjected regulation subscale) showed acceptable fit indices. Further, the intercorrela­tions between subscales supported the idea of a simplex-like pattern within the SMS-II. Phase 2 included 173 sport participants (Mage = 12.96; SD = 0.91) who completed the SMS-II and Passion Scale. This study provided validity evidence based on the relationship with external measures, showing higher correlations between more self-determined forms of motivation and harmonious passion and between less self-determined forms of motivation and obsessive passion. Across Phases 1 and 2, some issues with the internal reliability of the SMS-II subscales were identified. Overall, our findings indicated the further refinement of the SMS-II.

References

Amemiya, R., & Sakairi, Y. (2019). The Effects of Passion and Mindfulness on the Intrinsic Motivation of Japanese Athletes. Personality and Individual Differences, 142, 132–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.01.006

Ato, M., Lopez, J. J., & Benavente, A. (2013). A classification system for research designs in psychology. Anales de Psicología, 29(3), 1038–1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511

Balaguer, I., Castillo, I., Cuevas, R., & Atienza, F. (2018). The Importance of Coaches’ Autonomy Support in the Leisure Experience and Well-being of Young Footballers. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(840), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00840

Bara Filho, M., Andrade, D., Miranda, R., Núñez, J. L., Martín-Albó, J., & Ribas, P. R. (2011). Preliminary val¬idation of a Brazilian version of the sport motivation scale. Universitas Psychologica, 10(2), 557–566. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy10-2.pvbv

Bollen, K. A., & Stine, R. A. (1992). Bootstrapping Goodness-of-Fit Measures in Structural Equation Models. Socio¬logical Methods & Research, 21(2), 205–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002004

Brière, N. M., Vallerand, R. J., Blais, M. R., & Pelletier, L. G. (1995). Développement et Validation d’une Mesure de Motivation Intrinsèque, Extrinsèque et d’Amotivation en Contexte Sportif: L’Échelle de Motivation dans les Sports (ÉMS). International Journal of Sport Psychology, 26(4), 465–489.

Bruner, M. W., Eys, M. A., Wilson, K. S., & Côté, J. (2014). Group cohesion and positive youth development in team sport athletes. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 3(4), 219–227. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000017

Burtscher, J., Furtner, M., Sachse, P., & Burtscher, M. (2011). Validation of a German version of the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS28) and motivation analysis in competitive mountain runners. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 112(3), 807–820. https://doi.org/10.2466/05.06.25.PMS.112.3.807-820

Chantal, Y., Guay, F., Dobreva-Martinova, T., & Vallerand, R. J. (1996). Motivation and elite performance: An explor¬atory investigation with Bulgarian athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 27(2), 173–182.

Chatzisarantis, N., Hagger, M., Biddle, S., Smith, B., &Wang, J. C. K. (2003). A meta-analysis of perceived locus of causality in exercise, sport, and physical education contexts. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25, 284–306. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.3.284

Clancy, R. B., Herring, M. P., & Campbell, M. J. (2017). Motivation measures in sport: A critical review and bibliometric analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 348. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00348

Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A First Course in Factor Analysis (2nd ed.). Erlbaum.

Costa, V. T., Albuquerque, M. R., Lopes, M. C., Noce, F., da Costa, I. T., Ferreira, R. M., & Samulski, D. M. (2011). Vali¬dação da escala de motivação no esporte (SMS) no futebol para a língua portuguesa brasileira [Validation of the motivation scale in sport (SMS) in football for the Brazilian Portuguese language]. Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte, 25(3), 537–546. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-55092011000300015

Curran, T., Appleton, P. R., Hill, A. P., & Hall, H. K. (2011). Passion and burnout in elite junior soccer players: The mediating role of self-determined motivation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(6), 655–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.06.004

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Motivation, personality, and development within embedded social contexts: An overview of self-determination theory. In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of human motivation (pp. 85–107). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399820.013.0006

DeVellis, R. F. (2011). Scale development: Theory and Applications (Vol. 26) (3rd ed.). Sage.

Doganis, G. (2000). Development of a Greek version of the Sport Motivation Scale. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 90(2), 505–512. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.2000.90.2.505

Donahue, E. G., Rip, B., & Vallerand, R. J. (2009). When winning is everything: On passion, identity, and aggression in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(5), 526–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.02.002

Drake, K. M., Beach, M. L., Longacre, M. R., MacKenzie, T., Titus, L. J., Rundle, A. G., & Dalton, M. A. (2012). Influence of sports, physical education, and active commuting to school on adolescent weight status. Pediatrics, 130(2), 296–304. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2898

Eime, R. M., Young, J. A., Harvey, J. T., Charity, M. J., & Payne, W. R. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: Informing development of a con¬ceptual model of health through sport. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(1), 98–119. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-98

Eys, M. A., Carron, A. V., Bray, S. R., & Brawley, L. R. (2007). Item wording and internal consistency of a measure of cohesion: The Group Environment Questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29(3), 395–402. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.29.3.395

Guay, F., Vallerand, R. J., & Blanchard, C. (2000). On the assessment of situational intrinsic and extrin¬sic motivation: The Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS). Motivation and Emotion, 24(3), 175–213. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005614228250

Hagger, M. S., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (Eds.). (2007). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport. Human Kinetics. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781718206632

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cencage.

Haukoos, J. S., & Lewis, R. J. (2005). Advanced Statistics: Bootstrapping Confidence Intervals for Statistics with “Dif¬ficult” Distributions. Academic Emergency Medicine, 12(4), 360–365. https://doi.org/10.1197/j.aem.2004.11.018

Holt, N. L., Neely, K. C., Slater, L. G., Camiré, M., Côté, J., Fraser-Thomas, J., MacDonald, D., Strachan, L., & Tamminen, K. A. (2017). A grounded theory of positive youth development through sport based on results from a qualitative meta-study. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(1), 1–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2016.1180704

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

Jackson, S. A., & Marsh, H. W. (1996). Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Optimal Experience: The Flow State Scale. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 18, 17–35. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.18.1.17

Jõesaar, H., Hein, V., & Hagger, M. S. (2012). Youth athletes’ perception of autonomy support from the coach, peer motivational climate and intrinsic motivation in sport setting: One-year effects. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(3), 257–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.12.001

Johnston, J., Harwood, C., & Minniti, A. M. (2013). Positive youth development in swimming: Clarification and consensus of key psychosocial assets. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 25(4), 392–411. https://doi.org/10. 1080/10413200.2012.747571

Langan, E., Hodge, K., McGowan, S., Carney, S., Saunders, V., & Lonsdale, C. (2016). The influence of controlled motivation alongside autonomous motivation: Maladaptive, buffering, or additive effects? International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14(1), 57–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2015.1016084

Li, C., Kawabata, M., & Zhang, L. (2018). Validity and reliability of the Sport Motivation Scale-II for Chinese athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(1), 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2016.1153130

Lonsdale, C., Hodge, K., & Rose, E. A. (2008). The Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ): Instrument development and initial validity evidence. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30(3), 323–355. https://doi. org/10.1123/jsep.30.3.323

Lonsdale, C., Hodge, K., Hargreaves, E. A., & Ng, J. Y. (2014). Comparing sport motivation scales: A response to Pel¬letier et al. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(5), 446–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.03.006

Mallett, C., Kawabata, M., & Newcombe, P. (2007). Progressing measurement in sport motivation with the SMS-6: A response to Pelletier, Vallerand, and Sarrazin. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(5), 622–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.05.001

Manouchehri, J., Tojari, F., & Soltanabadi, S. (2015). Validity and reliability of measurement instrument for sport motivation scale in professional athletes in team sports of Iran. African Journal of Psychiatry, 18(2), 2–5. https:// doi.org/10.4172/Psychiatry.1000253

Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler’s (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11(3), 320–341. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2

McAuley, E., Duncan, T., & Tammen, V. V. (1989). Psychometric properties of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory in a competitive sport setting: A confirmatory factor analysis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 60(1), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1989.10607413

Monteiro, D., Teixeira, D. S., Travassos, B., Duarte-Mendes, P., Moutão, J., Machado, S., & Cid, L. (2018). Perceived effort in football athletes: the role of achievement goal theory and self-determination theory. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(1575), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01575

Nascimento, J., Vissoci, J., Lavallee, D., Codonhato, R., Nascimento, J. V. do, & Vieira, L. F. (2017). The mediating role of basic needs satisfaction on the relationship of perfectionism traits and team cohesion among elite futsal athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 48(6), 591–609. https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/handle/1893/24975

Nascimento Junior, J. R. A. do, Fortes, L. de S., Freire, G. L. M., Oliveira, D. V. de, Fiorese, L., & Cronin, L. D. (2019). Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Portuguese Version of the Life Skills Scale for Sport. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 24(1), 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/10913 67X.2019.1647208

Nascimento Junior, J. R. A. do, Vissoci, J. R. N., Balbim, G. M., Moreira, C. R., Pelletier, L. G., & Vieira, L. F. (2014). Adaptação transcultural e análise das propriedades psicométricas da Sport Motivation Scale-II no contexto brasileiro [Cross-cultural adaptation and analysis of the psychometric properties of Sport Motivation Scale- II in the Brazilian context]. Journal of Physical Education, 25(3), 441–458. https://doi.org/10.4025/reveducfis. v25i3.24855

Ntoumanis, N., & Standage, M. (2009). Morality in sport: A self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(4), 365–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200903036040

Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). The Assessment of Reliability. Psychometric Theory, 3, 248–292.

Núñez, J. L., Martín-Albo, J., Navarro, J. G., & González, V. M. (2006). Preliminary validation of a Spanish version of the Sport Motivation Scale. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 102(3), 919–930. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.102.3.919-930

Opstoel, K., Chapelle, L., Prins, F. J., De Meester, A., Haerens, L., van Tartwijk, J., & Martelaer, K. (2019). Personal and social development in physical education and sports: A review study. European Physical Education Review, 26(4), 797–813. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X19882054

Paic, R., Kajos, A., Meszler, B., & Prisztóka, G. (2017). Validation of the Hungarian Sport Motivation Scale (H-SMS). Cognition, Brain, Behavior, 21(4), 275–291. https://doi.org/10.24193/cbb.2017.21.17

Peixoto, E. M., Nakano, T. D. C., Castillo, R. A., Oliveira, L. P., & Balbinotti, M. A. A. (2019). Passion scale: Psychometric properties and factorial invariance via exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), 29, e2911. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-4327e2911

Pelletier, L. G., Rocchi, M., Guertin, C., Hébert, C., & Sarrazin, P. (2019). French adaptation and validation of the Sport Motivation Scale-II (Echelle de Motivation dans les Sports-II). International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(3), 232–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2017.1339729

Pelletier, L. G., Rocchi, M. A., Vallerand, R. J., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). Validation of the revised sport motivation scale (SMS-II). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(3), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.12.002

Pelletier, L. G., Tuson, K. M., Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., Briere, N. M., & Blais, M. R. (1995). Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(1), 35–53. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.17.1.35

Pineda-Espejel, H. A., Meza, E. I. A., Ruiz, Z. L., Trejo, M., & López, C. A. C. (2016). Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Motivación en el Deporte revisada (SMS-II) adaptada al español hablado en México [Psychometric properties of the revised Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-II) adapted to the Spanish spoken in Mexico]. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte, 12(44), 107–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2016.04402

Podlog, L., Gustafsson, H., Skoog, T., Gao, Z., Westin, M., Werner, S., & Alricsson, M. (2015). Need satisfaction, mo¬tivation, and engagement among high-performance youth athletes: A multiple mediation analysis. Inter¬national Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(4), 415–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2014.999346

Rodrigues, F., Pelletier, L., Rocchi, M., Cid, L., Teixeira, D., & Monteiro, D. (2021). Adaptation and validation of a Portuguese version of the Sports Motivation Scale-II (SMS-II-P) showing invariance for gender and sport type. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 128(6), 2669–2687. https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125211039362

Roszkowki, M. J., & Soven, M. (2010). Shifting gears: Consequences of including two negatively worded items in the middle of a positively worded questionnaire. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 35(1), 113–130. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/02602930802618344

Rottensteiner, C., Tolvanen, A., Laakso, L., & Konttinen, N. (2015). Youth athletes’ motivation, perceived competence, and persistence in organized team sports. Journal of Sport Behavior, 38(4), 432–449.

Ruffault, A., Bernier, M., Juge, N., & Fournier, J. F. (2016). Mindfulness may moderate the relationship between intrinsic motivation and physical activity: A cross-sectional study. Mindfulness, 7(2), 445–452. https://doi. org/10.1007/s12671-015-0467-7

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Publications. https://doi.org/10.1521/978.14625/28806

Ryan, R. M., & Reeve, J. (2024). Intrinsic motivation, psychological needs, and competition: a self-determination theory analysis. In S. M. Garcia, A. Tor, & A. J. Elliot (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Psychology of Competition (pp. 240–283). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190060800.013.10

Sarrazin, P., Vallerand, R., Guillet, E., Pelletier, L., & Cury, F. (2002). Motivation and dropout in female handballers: A 21‐month prospective study. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32(3), 395–418. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.98

Serpa, S., Alves, P., & Barreiros, A. (2004). Versão portuguesa da Sport Motivational Scale (SMS) e da Sport Academic Scale (AMS): processos de tradução, adaptação e fiabilidade [Portuguese version of Sport Motivational Scale (SMS) and Sport Academic Scale (AMS): Translation, Adaptation and reliability processes]. Universidade Técnica de Lisboa.

Sheehy, T., & Hodge, K. (2015). Motivation and morality in master’s athletes: A self-determination theory per¬spective. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(3), 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/16121 97X.2014.956326

Standage, M. (2023). Self-determination theory applied to sport. In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Self-Determination Theory (pp. 701–723). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxford¬hb/9780197600047.013.35

Stenling, A., Ivarsson, A., Johnson, U., & Lindwall, M. (2015). Bayesian structural equation modeling in sport and exer¬cise psychology. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 37(4), 410–420. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2014-0330

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson Education Inc.

Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1997). Measurement and mismeasurement of mood: Recurrent and emergent issues. Jour¬nal of Personality Assessment, 68(2), 267–296. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6802_4

Vallerand, R. J., & Miquelon, P. (2007). Passion for Sport in Athletes. In S. Jowette & D. Lavallee (Eds.), Social Psychology in Sport (pp. 249–263). Human Kinetics. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781492595878.ch-018

Vallerand, R. J., Blanchard, C., Mageau, G. A., Koestner, R., Ratelle, C., Léonard, M., Gagné, M., & Marsolais, J. (2003). Les passions de l’ame: On obsessive and harmonious passion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(4), 756–767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.756

Viciana, J., Mayorga-Vega, D., & Blanco, H. (2014). Relationship of age and experience on physical self-concept and sportsmanship orientation in youth Spanish soccer players. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 45(3), 214–230.

##submission.citations.for##

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Sistema OJS 3 - Metabiblioteca |