![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-sa/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
Acta Colombiana de Psicología complies with international intellectual property and copyright laws, and particularly with Article No. 58 of the Political Constitution of Colombia, Law No. 23 of 1982, and the Agreement No. 172 of September 30, 2010 (Universidad Católica de Colombia Intellectual Property Regulation).
Authors retain their copyright and grant to the Acta Colombiana de Psicología the right of first publication, with the work registered under Creative Commons attribution license, which allows third parties to use the published material, provided they credit the authorship of the work and the first publication in this Journal.
Abstract
The people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have difficulty in naming people and objects. Some errorless learning procedures are employed to retrieve this repertoire, but few studies compare different methods. This study aimed to compare the learning/recovery of picture naming performance by Spaced Retrieval (SR) and Fading Out (FO) procedures in older adults with AD. Participants were eight people with AD (seven women), aged between 65 and 90 years (median 84.5 years), with an average score of 14.5 on the Mini-Mental State Examination. Participants retrieved seven name-figure relations through the SR procedure and seven other relations through the FO procedure. Both procedures were equally effective in teaching relations to all participants, as verified in the naming and maintenance tests. However, in the FO condition, the average time for teaching each relation was approximately 50% shorter than in SR condition. In practical terms, the FO procedure was faster with fewer correction trials.
![](/plugins/themes/oldGregg/images/logos/iThenticate.png)
References
Aggio, N. M., Teixeira, I. O., & de Rose, J. C. (2021). An exploratory study of directly taught and emergent relations in an elderly woman with Alzheimer’s disease. The Psychological Record, 71, 493-497. https://doi. org/10.1007/s40732-020-00441-y
Almeida, O. P., & Almeida, S. A. (1999). Confiabilidade da versão brasileira da Escala de Depressão em Geriatria (GDS) versão reduzida. Arquivos de Neuropsiquiatria, 57(2-B), 421-426. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004- 282X1999000300013
Alves, K. R. S., Assis, G. J. A., Kato, O. M., & Brino, A. L. F. (2011). Leitura recombinativa após procedimentos de fading in de sílabas das palavras de ensino em pessoas com atraso no desenvolvimento cognitivo. Acta Comportamentalia: Revista Latina de Análisis de Comportamiento, 19(2), 183-203. www.redalyc.org/ pdf/2745/274520894004.pdf
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association. Anderson, J., Arens, K., Johnson, R., & Coppens, P. (2001). Spaced retrieval vs. memory tape therapy in memory rehabilitation for dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Clinical Gerontologist, 24(1–2), 123–140. https://doi. org/10.1300/J018v24n01_09
Andrade, C. R. F., Béfi-Lopes, D. M., Fernandes, F. D. M., & Wertzner, W. H. (2000). ABFW: Teste de linguagem infantil nas áreas de Fonologia, Vocabulário, Fluência e Pragmática. Pró–Fono.
Benigas, J. E., & Bourgeois, M. (2016). Using spaced retrieval with external aids to improve use of compensatory strategies during eating for persons with dementia. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 25(3), 321-334. https://doi.org/10.1044/2015_AJSLP-14-0176
Bertolucci, P. H., Brucki, S., Campacci, S. R., & Juliano, Y. (1994). O mini-exame do estado mental em uma população geral: Impacto da escolaridade. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 52(1), 01-07. https://doi.org/10.1590/ S0004-282X1994000100001
Bourgeois, M. S. (1990). Enhancing conversations skills in patients with Alzheimer’s disease using a prosthetic memory aid. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23(1), 29-42. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1990.23-29
Bourgeois, M. S., Camp. C., Rose. M., Blanche, W., Malone, M., Carr, J., & Rovine, M. (2003). A comparison of training strategies to enhance use of external aids by persons with dementia. Journal of Communication Disorders, 36(5), 361–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9924(03)00051-0
Boyle, J. R. & Hughes, C. A. (1994). Effects of self-monitoring and subsequent fading of external prompts on the on-task behavior and task productivity of elementary students with moderate mental retardation. Journal of Behavior Education, 4, 439–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01539544
Camara, M. R., Ducatti, M., & Schmidt, A. (2017). Identity matching to sample and exclusion performance in elderly with and without neurocognitive disorders. Behavior Interventions, 32(4), 326-340. https://doi. org/10.1002/bin.1487
Camp, C. J. (1989). Facilitation of new learning in Alzheimer’s disease. In G. C. Gilmore, P. J. Whitehouse, & M. L. Wykle (Eds.), Memory, aging, and dementia: Theory, assessment, and treatment (pp. 212–225). Springer Publishing Company.
Catania, A. C. (1998). Learning (4th ed.). Prentice Hall. Cherry, K. E., & Simmons-D’Gerolamo, S. S. (2005). Long-term effectiveness of spaced-retrieval memory training for older adults with probable Alzheimer’s disease. Experimental Aging Research, 31(3), 261–289. https:// doi.org/10.1080/03610730590948186
Clare, L., Wilson, B. A., Carter, G., Breen, K., Gosses, A., & Hodges, J. R. (2000). Intervening with everyday memory problems in dementia of Alzheimer type: An errorless learning approach. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22(1), 132-146. https://doi.org/10.1076/1380-3395(200002)22:1;1-8;FT132
Clare, L., Wilson, B. A., Carter, G., Roth, I., & Hodges, J. R. (2002). Relearning face-name associations in early Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychology, 16(4), 538-547. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.16.4.538
Cozby, P. C., & Bates, S. (2012). Methods in behavioral research (12th ed). McGraw Hill.
Creighton, A. S., van der Ploeg, E. S., & O’Connor, D. W. (2013). A literature review of spaced-retrieval interventions: A direct memory intervention for people with dementia. International psychogeriatrics, 25(11), 1743- 1763. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610213001233
Dixon, M., Baker, J. C., & Sadowski, K. A. (2011). Applying Skinner’s analysis of verbal behavior to persons with dementia. Behavior Therapy, 42(1), 120-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2010.05.002
Ducatti, M., & Schmidt, A. (2016). Learning conditional relations in elderly people with and without neurocognitive disorders. Psychology & Neuroscience, 9(2), 240-254. https://doi.org/10.1037/pne0000049
Dunn, J., & Clare, L. (2007). Learning face-name associations in early-stage dementia: Comparing the effects of errorless learning and effortful processing. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 17(6), 735-754. https://doi. org/10.1080/09602010701218317
Folch, J., Ettcheto, M., Petrov, D., Abad, S., Pedrós, I., Marin, M., Olloquequi, J., Camins, A. (2018). Review of the advances in treatment for Alzheimer disease: Strategies for combating -amyloid protein. Neurología, 33(1), 47-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2015.03.012
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-mental state”: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189-198. https://doi. org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
Glisky, E. L., Schacter, D. L., & Tulving, E. (1986). Learning and retention of computer-related vocabulary in memory-impaired patients: Method of vanishing cues. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 8(3), 292-312. https://doi.org/10.1080/01688638608401320
Gradmaison, E., & Simard, M. (2003). A critical review of memory stimulation programs in Alzheimer’s disease. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 15(2),130-44. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.15.2.130.
Haslam, C., Moss, Z., & Hodder, K. (2010). Are two methods better than one? Evaluating the effectiveness of combining errorless learning with vanishing cues. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 32(9), 973-985. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803391003662686
Haslam, C., Hodder, K. I., & Yates, P. J. (2011). Errorless learning and spaced retrieval: How do these methods fare in healthy and clinical populations? Journal of Clinical Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(4), 432-447. https:// doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2010.533155
Hawley, K. S., & Cherry, K. E. (2004). Spaced-retrieval effects on name-face recognition in older adults with probable Alzheimer’s disease. Behavior Modification, 28(2), 276-296. https://doi. org/10.1177/0145445503259283
Hawley, K. S., Cherry, K. E., Boudreaux, E. O., & Jackson, E. M. (2008). A comparison of adjusted spaced retrieval versus a uniform expanded retrieval schedule for learning a name–face association in older adults with probable Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30(6), 639–649. https:// doi.org/10.1080/13803390701595495
Hopper, T., Bourgeois, M., Pimentel, J., Dean Qualls, C., Hickey, E., Frymark, T., & Schooling, T. (2013). An evidence-based systematic review on cognitive interventions for individual with dementia. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 22(1), 126-145. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2012/11-0137)
Jang, J. S., Lee, J. S., & Yoo, D. H. (2015). Effects of spaced retrieval training with errorless learning in the rehabilitation of patients with dementia. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 27(9), 2735–2738. https://doi. org/10.1589/jpts.27.2735
Landauer, T. K., & Bjork, R. A. (1978). Optimum rehearsal patterns and name learning. In M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory (pp. 625-632). Academic Press.
Lear, K. (2004). Help us learn: A self-paced training program for ABA Part, 1. Toronto.
Lekeu, F., Wojtasik, V., Van der Linden, M., & Salmon, E. (2002). Training early Alzheimer patients to use a mobile phone. Acta Neurology Belgium, 102(3), 114–121. https://europepmc.org/article/med/12400249
Loewenstein, D. A., Acevedo, A., Czaja, S. J., & Duara, R. (2004). Cognitive rehabilitation of mildly impaired Alzheimer disease patients on cholinesterase inhibitors. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12(4), 395–402. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajgp.12.4.395
Lourenço, R. A., Veras, R. P., & Ribeiro, P. C. C. (2008). Confiabilidade teste-reteste do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental em uma população idosa assistida em uma unidade ambulatorial de saúde. Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia, 11(1), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-9823.2008.11012
Lucchesi, F.D.M., Almeida-Verdu, A.C.M., Bolsoni-Silva, A.T., Monteiro Benjamin B. M. J. & de Souza, D. das G. (2022). Speech accuracy and reading in children with cochlear implants. The Psychological Record, 72, 697–711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-022-00518-w
Medeiros, J. F., Antonakopoulu, A., Amorim, K., & Righetto, A. C. (1997). O uso da discriminação condicional no ensino da leitura e escrita. Temas em Psicologia, 5(1), 23-32. http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/tp/v5n1/v5n1a03.pdf
Melo, R. M., Carmo dos Santos, J., & Hanna, E. S. (2014). Ensino sem erro e aprendizagem de discriminação. Temas em Psicologia, 22(1), 207-222. https://doi.org/10.9788/TP2014.1-16
Mimura, M., & Komatsu, S. I. (2010). Factors of error and effort in memory intervention for patients with Alzheimer’s disease and amnesic syndrome. Psychogeriatrics, 10(4), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479- 8301.2010.00339.x
Ministry of State for Health (2012). Resolution no. 466, of 12 December. 2012. https://conselho.saude.gov.br/resolucoes/2012/466_english.pdf
Provencher, V., Bier, N., Audet, T., & Gagnon, L. (2008). Errorless-based techniques can improve route finding in early Alzheimer’s disease: A case study. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Other Dementias, 23(1), 47-56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317507307228
Rodakowski, J., Saghafi, E., Butters, M. A., & Skidmore, E. R. (2015). Non-pharmacological interventions for adults with mild cognitive impairment and early stage dementia: An update scoping review. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 43, 38-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2015.06.003
Rojas, G. J., Villar, V., Iturry, M., Harris, P., Serrano, C. M., Herrera, J. A., & Allegri, R. F. (2013). Efficacy of a cognitive intervention program in patients with mild cognitive impairment. International Psychogeriatrics, 25(5), 825–831. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610213000045
Salamone, S., Caraci, F., Leggio, G. M., Fedotova, J., & Drago, F. (2012). New pharmacological strategies for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: Focus on disease modifying drugs. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 73(4), 504-517. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04134.x
Sidman, M. (2013). Techniques for describing and measuring behavioral changes in Alzheimer’s patients. European Journal of Behavior Analysis, 14(1), 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/15021149.2013.11434452
Sidman, M. & Stoddard, L. T. (1967). The effectiveness of fading in programming a simultaneous form discrimination for retarded children. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 10(1), 3-15. https://doi. org/10.1901/jeab.1967.10-3
Small, J. A., & Cochrane, D. (2020). Spaced retrieval and episodic memory training in Alzheimer’s disease. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 15, 519-536. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S242113
Souza, D. G. de & de Rose, J. C. (2006). Desenvolvendo programas individualizados para o ensino de leitura. Acta Comportamentalia, 14(1), 77-98. www.redalyc.org/pdf/2745/274520148004.pdf
Souza, F. C., Moreira Almeida Verdu, A. C., & Bevilacqua, M. C. (2013). Ecoico e nomeação de figuras em crianças com deficiência auditiva pré-lingual com implante coclear. Acta Comportamentalia: Revista Latina de Análisis de Comportamiento, 21(3), 273-283. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2745/274528346004.pdf
Steingrimsdottir, H. S., & Arntzen, E. (2011). Identity matching in a patient with Alzheimer’s disease. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Other Dementias, 26(3), 247-253. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317511402816
Thivierge, S., Simard, M., Jean, L., & Grandmaison, E. (2008). Errorless learning and spaced retrieval techniques to relearn instrumental activities of daily living in mild Alzheimer’s disease: A case report study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 4(5), 987-999. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S3684
Viccaro, E., Sands, E., & Springer, C. (2019). Spaced retrieval using static and dynamic images to improve face– name recognition: Alzheimer’s dementia and vascular dementia. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 28(3), 1184-1197. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_AJSLP-18-0131
Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T.L., Rose, T. L., Lum O., Huang, V., Adey, M., Leirer, V. O. (1983). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17(1), 37-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4
Yesavage, J.A. & Sheikh, J. I. (1986). Geriatric depression scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontologist, 5(1-2), 165-173. https://doi.org/10.1300/J018v05n01_09