Traducción, adaptación al español y validación de la escala de bienestar mental de WARWICK-EDINBURGH en una muestra de adultos mayores argentinos.

Abstract

The study assesses psychometric properties and factorial structure of the Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale after forward and backward translations and Spanish adaptation. The scale was validated by applying it to a sample of 910 Argentine elders, with ages ranging from 71 and 96 years (media 81.4 years; SD 10.9 years). The following measures were obtained: response distributions, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct validity and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In four of the original items, phrasing was modified to keep conceptual equivalence with the original instrument. Reliability (Cronbach´s alpha 0.89), item-total scale (0.41-0.78) and test-retest measured by intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) (0.91) were deemed appropriate. Confirmatory factorial analysis showed a RMSEA = 0.054, considered acceptable, a CFI = 0.963, a NNFI = 0.925 (slightly below the accepted value) and a GFI = 0.991. A two factor solution was obtained so it was not possible to hold the single dimensional hypothesis as in the original scale. The translated and adapted scale shows an appropriate level of adjustment, high internal consistency and good test-retest reliability, with the same construct validity as the original instrument which allows its use among the elderly population.

Keywords:

Argentine elders Psychological well-being Mental well-being Psychometric properties Confirmatory factor analysis

References

Adams, K. B., Leibbrandt, S., & Moon, H. (2011). A Critical Review of the Literature on Social and Leisure Activity and Well-being in Later Life. Ageing and Society, 31(4), 683.

Bartram, D. J., Sinclair, J. M., & Baldwin, D. S. (2013). Further validation of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS) in the UK veterinary profession: Rasch analysis. Quality of Life Research, 1-13.

Bech, P. (2004). Measuring the Dimensions of Psychological General Well-Being by the WHO-5. Quality of Life Newsletter, 32, 15-16.

Bernal, G., Bonilla, J., & Bellido, C. (1995). Ecological Validity and Cultural Sensitivity for Outcome Research: Issues for the Cultural Adaptation and Development of Psychosocial Treatments with Hispanics. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23(1), 67-82.

Cabañero, M. J., Richard, M., Cabrero, J., Orts, I., Reig, A., y Tosal, B. (2004). Fiabilidad y validez de la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida de Diener en una muestra de mujeres embarazadas y puérperas. Psicothema, 16, 448-455.

Castellví, P., Forero, C. G., Codony, M., Vilagut, G., Brugulat, P., Medina, A., & Alonso, J. (2013). The Spanish Version of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS) is Valid for Use in the General Population. Quality of Life Research, 1-12.

Christopher, J. C., Hickinbottom, S. (2008). Positive Psychology, Ethnocentrism, and the Disguised Ideology of Individualism. Theory & Psychology, 18(5), 563-589.

Cicchetti, D.V., Sparrow, S. (1981). Developing Criteria for Establishing Interrater Reliability of Specific Items: Application To Assessment of Adaptive Behavior. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 86, 127-137.

Clark, F., Jackson, J., Carlson, M., Chou, C. P., Cherry, B. J., Jordan-Marsh, M., & Azen, S. P. (2012). Effectiveness of a Lifestyle Intervention in Promoting the Well-Being of Independently Living Older People: Results of the Well Elderly 2 Randomised Controlled Trial. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 66(9), 782-790.

Clarke, A., Friede, T., Putz, R., Ashdown, J., Martin, S., Blake, A., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2011). Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): Validated for Teenage School Students in England and Scotland. A Mixed Methods Assessment. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 487.

Deary, I. J., Watson, R., Booth, T., Gale, C. R. (2013). Does Cognitive Ability Influence Responses to the WarwickEdinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale? Psychological Assessment; 25(2), 313-8.

Demir, M., & Özdemir, M. (2010). Friendship, Need Satisfaction and Happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11, 243-259.

Díaz, D., Rodríguez, R., Blanco, A., Moreno, B., Gallardo, I., Valle, C. y van Dierendonck, D. (2006). Adaptación española de las Escalas de Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff. Psicothema, 18(3), 572-577.

Diener, E. (1984). Subjective Well-Being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575.

Diener, E. (2012). New Findings and Future Directions for Subjective Well-Being Research. American Psychologist, 67(8), 590.

Diener, E., & Chan, M. Y. (2011). Happy People Live Longer: Subjective Well-Being Contributes to Health and Longevity. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3(1), 1-43.

Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1): 71-75.

Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Ryan, K. L. (2013). Universals and Cultural Differences in the Causes and Structure of Happiness: A Multilevel Review. In: Mental Well-Being (pp. 153-176). Springer Netherlands.

Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective Well-Being: Three Decades of Progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276.

Escobar, J. & Cuervo, Á. (2008). Validez de contenido y juicio de expertos: una aproximación a su utilización. Avances en Medición, 6(1), 29.

Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Psychological Research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272-299.

Flaherty, J. A., Gaviria, F. M., Pathak, D., Mitchell, T., Wintrob, R., Richman, J. A., Birz, S. (1988). Developing Instruments for Cross-Cultural Psychiatric Research. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 176(5), 257-263.

Fredrickson, B. L., & Joiner, T. (2002). Positive Emotions Trigger Upward Spirals toward Emotional Well-Being. Psychological Science, 13(2), 172-175.

George, D., & Mallery, P. (2011). IBM SPSS Statistics 21 Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference (13th ed.). Pearson Higher Ed: USA.

Gracia, E., & Herrero, J. (2006). La comunidad como fuente de apoyo social: evaluación e implicaciones en los ámbitos individual y comunitario. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 38, 327-342.

Heikkinen, R. L., & Kauppinen, M. (2011). Mental Well-Being: A 16-Year Follow-Up among Older Residents in Jyväskylä. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 52(1), 33-39.

Henderson, L.W., & Knight, T. (2012). Integrating the Hedonic and Eudaimonic Perspectives to Morecomprehensively Understand Well-being And Pathways to Well-being. International Journal of Well-being, 2(3), 196-221.

Hu, L. y Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis. Conventional Criteria versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.

Huppert, F. A. and So, T. T. (2013). Flourishing Across Europe: Application of a New Conceptual Framework for Defining Well-Being. Social Indicators Research, 110, 837-861.

Joseph, S., Linley, P. A., Harwood, J., Lewis, C. A., McCollam, P. (2004). Rapid Assessment of Well-Being: The Short Depression-Happiness Scale (SDHS). Psychology and Psychotherapy, 77, 463-478.

Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An Index of Factorial Simplicity. Psychometrica, 39, 31-36.

Kammann, R., Flett, R. (1983). A Scale to Measure Current Level of General Happiness. Australian Journal of Psychology, 35, 259-265.

Kashdan, T. B., Biswas-Diener, R., & King, L. A. (2008). Reconsidering Happiness: The Costs of Distinguishing Between Hedonics and Eudaimonia. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3(4), 219-233.

Keyes, C., Ryff, C., y Shmotkin, D. (2002). Optimizing WellBeing: The Empirical Encounter of Two Traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 1007-1022.

Kim-Prieto, C., Diener, E., Tamir, M., Scollon, C., & Diener, M. (2013). Integrating the Diverse Definitions of Happiness: A Time-Sequential Framework of Subjective Well-Being. In The Exploration of Happiness (pp. 47-75). Springer, Netherlands.

Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A Quantitative Approach to Content Validity. Personnel Psychology Inc, 28, 563-575.

Lloyd, K., & Devine, P. (2012). Psychometric Properties of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS) in Northern Ireland. Journal of Mental Health, 21(3), 257-263.

López, M. A., Gabilondo, A., Codony, M., García-Forero, C., Vilagut, G., Castellví, P., & Alonso, J. (2012). Adaptation into Spanish of the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS) and Preliminary Validation in a Student Sample. Quality of Life Research, 1-6.

Machin, D., Campbell, M. J., Tan, S. B., & Tan, S. H. (2011). Sample Size Tables for Clinical Studies. John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, U.K.

Maheswaran, H., Weich, S., Powell, J., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2012). Evaluating the Responsiveness of the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS): Group and Individual Level Analysis. Health Quaity of Life Outcomes, 10(1), 156.

Maneersriwongul, W., Dixon, J. K. (2004). Instrument Translation Process: A Methods Review. Journal of Advanced Nursing 48(2), 175-186.

McDowell, I. (2010). Measures of Self-Perceived Well-Being. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 69(1), 69-79.

Montero, I. y León, O. (2005). Sistema de clasificación del método en los informes de investigación en psicología. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 5(1), 115-127.

Nelis, D., Kotsou, I., Quoidbach, J., Hansenne, M., Weytens, F., Dupuis, P., & Mikolajczak, M. (2011). Increasing Emotional Competence Improves Psychological and Physical WellBeing, Social Relationships, and Employability. Emotion, 11(2), 354.

Nieminen, T., Martelin, T., Koskinen, S., Aro, H., Alanen, E., & Hyyppä, M. T. (2010). Social Capital as a Determinant of Self-Rated Health and Psychological Well-Being. International Journal of Public Health, 55(6), 531-542.

Park, N. (2004). The Role of Subjective Well-Being in Positive Youth Development. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591(1), 25-39.

Polit, D.F., Beck, C.T., Owen, S.V., (2007). Is the CVI an Acceptable Indicator of Content Validity? Appraisal and Recommendations. Research in Nursing & Health 30, 459-467.

Proctor, C., Maltby, J., & Linley, P. A. (2011). Strengths Use as a Predictor of Well-Being and Health-Related Quality of Life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12(1), 153-169.

Ramada-Rodilla, J. M., Serra-Pujadas, C., Delclós-Clanchet, G. L. (2013). Adaptación cultural y validación de cuestionarios de salud: revisión y recomendaciones metodológicas. Salud Pública Mex, 55, 57-6.

Rocha, K. B., Pérez, K., Rodríguez-Sanz, M., Borrell, C., & Llandrich, J. O. (2011). Propiedades psicométricas y valores normativos del General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) en población general española. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 11(1), 125-139.

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On Happiness and Human Potential: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141-166.

Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2013). Know Thyself and Become What You Are: A Eudaimonic Approach to Psychological Well-Being. In The Exploration of Happiness (pp. 97-116). Springer Netherlands.

Ryff, C. D., Keyes, C. L. (1995). The Structure of Psychological Well-Being Revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719-727.

Seligman, M. E. (2011). Flourish. North Sydney, N.S.W.: Random House Australia.

Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive Psychology: An Introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5.

Stewart-Brown, S. (2013). The Warwick-Edimburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS): Performance in Different Cultural and Geographical Groups. In C.L.M. Keyes (Ed.), Mental Well-Being: International Contributions to the Study of Positive Mental Health. (pp. 133-150). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.

Stewart-Brown, S., Tennant, A., Tennant, R., Platt, S., Parkinson, J., & Weich, S. (2009). Internal Construct Validity of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS): A Rasch Analysis Using Data from the Scottish Health Education Population Survey. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 7(1), 15-22.

Taggart, F., Friede, T., Weich, S., Clarke, A., Johnson, M., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2013). Cross Cultural Evaluation of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS)-A Mixed Methods Study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11(1), 27.

Tay, L., & Diener, E. (2011). Needs and Subjective WellBeing around the World. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(2), 354.

Tennant, R., Joseph, S., Stewart-Brown, S. (2007a). The Affectometer 2: A Measure of Positive Mental Health in UK Populations. Quality of Life Research, 16(4), 687-695.

Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2007b). The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS): Development and UK Validation. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5(1), 63.

Trust, M. O. (1997). Trust Introduces New Translation Criteria. Medical Outcomes Trust Bulletin, 5, 3-4.

Van Dierendonck, D. (2004) The Construct Validity of Ryff’s Scale of Psychological Well-Being and its Extension with Spiritual Well-Being. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(3), 629-644.

Van Dierendonck, D., Díaz, D., Rodríguez-Carvajal, R., Blanco, A., & Moreno-Jiménez, B. (2008). Ryff’s Six-Factor Model of Psychological Well-Being, A Spanish Exploration. Social Indicators Research, 87(3), 473-479.

Waterman, A. S., Schwartz, S., & Conti, R. (2008). The Implications of Two Conceptions of Happiness (Hedonic Enjoyment and Eudaimonia) For the Understanding of Intrinsic Motivation. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 41-79.

Watson, D., Clark, L. A., Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect: the PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6(54), 1063-70.

Widaman, K. F. (1993). Common Factor Analysis versus Principal Component Analysis: Differential Bias in Representing Model Parameters? Multivariate Behavioral Research, 28(3), 263-311.

Zhang, W., Chen, Q., McCubbin, H., McCubbin, L., & Foley, S. (2011). Predictors of Mental and Physical Health: Individual and Neighborhood Levels of Education, Social Well-Being, and Ethnicity. Health & Place, 17(1), 238-247.

Reference by