Family of Origin Characteristics as Predictors of Childbearing Motivations

Abstract

This study examines childhood experiences and the relationship with the family of origin as predictive variables for positive childbearing motivation (PCM). It was conducted through analyses using the method of Multigroup Structural Equation Modeling, which were conducted on a Peruvian sample (n = 1494, 72.2% females) and a Brazilian sample (n = 1507; 84.0% females). The results indicate that the variables caring of younger siblings and family adaptation are statistically significant predictors of PCM in both countries, while the variable number of siblings did not emerge as a predictor in either case. Family autonomy emerged as a predictor only in Brazil, and birth order only in Peru. Multigroup analysis shows that the difference in the effects of “family adaptation” and “family autonomy” on PCM is moderated by the country of origin. In summary, this study provides empirical evidence that family variables predictPCM and highlights the moderating effect of the country of origin in the analyzed samples.

Keywords:

Motivation family relations childhood experiences family planning reproductive health

References

Ahmed, G. S., Saleh, L., Alareed, H. R., El-Shabrawy, E. M., & Elbahrawe, R. S. (2022). Effects of sociodemographic background on fertility motivation patterns in the Beni-Suef governorate, Upper Egypt. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 17(5), 853-860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2022.04.006

Alexander, K. A., Arrington Sanders, R., Grace, K. T., Thorpe, R. J., Doro, E., & Bowleg, L. (2021). “Having a child meant I had a real life”: Reproductive coercion and childbearing motivations among young Black men living in Baltimore. Journal of interpersonal violence, 36(17-18), NP9197-NP9225. https://doi. org/10.1177/0886260519853400

Ballesteros, J. C., & Sanmartín, A. (2017). Emancipación en tiempos de crisis. Revista de Estudios de Juventud, (116), Document 10, 143-154. https://www.injuve.es/observatorio/formacion-empleo-y-vivienda/revista-de-estudios-de-juventud-116-jovenes-y-vivienda

Baptista, M. M. (2009). Estudos culturais: o quê e o como da investigação. Carnets. Revue électronique d’études psychologiques de l’APEF, Première Série (1 Special Number), 451-461. https://doi.org/10.4000/carnets.4382

Baptista, M. N. (2005). Desenvolvimento do Inventario de Percepção de Suporte Familiar (IPSF): estudos psicométricos preliminares. PsicoUSF, 10(1), 11-19. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-82712005000100003

Baptista, M. N. (2007). Inventario de Percepção de Suporte Familiar (IPSF): estudo componencial em duas configurações. Psicologia ciência e profissão, 27(3), 496-509. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1414-98932007000300010

Baptista, M. N., & Campos, D. C. D. (2015). Metodologias de pesquisa em ciências. Análises quantitativa e qualitativa. In M. N. Baptista & D. C. D. Campos, Metodologias de Pesquisa em Ciências: análises Quantitativa e Qualitativa (pp. 299-299). LTC. Comunicação Edición.

Barber, J. S., Miller, W., Kusunoki, Y., Hayford, S. R., & Guzzo, K. B. (2019). Intimate relationship dynamics and changing desire for pregnancy among young women. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 51(3), 143-152. https://doi.org/10.1363/psrh.12119

Borsa, J. C., Damásio, B. F., & Bandeira, D. R. (2012). Adaptação e validação de instrumentos psicológicos entre culturas: algumas considerações. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), 22(53), 423-432. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103- 863X2012000300014

Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). Guilford publications. Buber‐Ennser, I., Setz, I., & Riederer, B. (2023). Not Even a Pandemic Makes Them Change Their Family Plans: The Impact of COVID‐19 on Fertility Intentions in Austria [Special Issue]. Population and Development Review. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12555

Chasiotis, A., Bender, M., & Hofer, J. (2014). Childhood context explains cultural variance in implicit parenting motivation: Results from two studies with six samples from Cameroon, Costa Rica, Germany, and PR China. Evolutionary Psychology, 12(2), https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491401200203

Chasiotis, A., Hofer, J., & Campos, D. (2006). When does liking children lead to parenthood? Younger siblings, implicit prosocial power motivation, and explicit love for children predict parenthood across cultures. Journal of Cultural and Evolutionary Psychology, 4(2), 95-123. https://doi.org/10.1556/jcep.4.2006.2.2

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th Edition). Sage publications.

Djiometio, J. N., Antoniou, T., Kristman, V., Schiff, R., Gamble, M., Kennedy, L., Yudin, M., & Loutfy, M. (2019). Understanding the fertility desires and intentions among HIV-positive men living in Ontario: survey instrument development and validation. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC), 18. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325958219831018

Gerson, M. J. (1980). The lure of Motherhood. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 5(2), 207-218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1980.tb00957.x

Gerson, M. J. (1983). A scale of motivation for parenthood: The index of parenthood motivation. The Journal of Psychology, 113(2), 211-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1983.9923577 Gerson, M. J. (1984).

Feminism and the wish for a child. Sex roles, 11(5-6), 389-399. https://doi.org/10.1007/ BF00287467

Gerson, M. J. (1986). The prospect of parenthood for women and men. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 10(1), 49-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1986.tb00736.x

Gonzaga, P. R., & Aras, L. M. (2015). Mulheres Latino-Americanas e a Luta por Direitos Reprodutivos: o panorama da conjuntura política e legal do aborto nos países da América Latina. Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas, 9(2). https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/repam/article/view/16040

Guo, Y., Wichaidit, W., Du, Y., Liu, J., & Chongsuvivatwong, V. (2022). Mediation of the association between stigma and HIV status and fertility intention by fertility desire among heterosexual couples living with HIV in Kunming, China. Plos one, 17(12), Article e0278244. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278244

International Test Commission. (2017). The ITC guidelines for translating and adapting tests (second edition). International Test Commission. https://www.intestcom.org/files/guideline_test_adaptation_2ed.pdf

Jiménez, M. A. Aliaga, L. & Rodriguez, V. J. (2011). Una mirada desde América Latina y el Caribe al Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio de acceso universal a la salud reproductiva. United Nations Fund for Population Activities. https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/7132-mirada-america-latina-caribe-al-objetivo-desarrollo-milenio-acceso-universal-la

Liu, C., Rahman, M. N. A., Mao, Y., Wang, X., & Yu, X. (2023). Fertility Desire of Chinese Parents to Have More Children Under the Three-Child Policy. Journal of Population and Social Studies [JPSS], 31, 455-481. https:// so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jpss/article/view/262464

Mattos, A. R., & Castro, L. R. D. (2016). Jovens e a liberdade: reflexões sobre autonomia, responsabilidade e independência. Psicologia y Sociedade, 28(1), 65-73. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-03102015v28n1p065

Miller, W. B. (1992). Personality traits and developmental experiences as antecedents of childbearing motivation. Demography, 29(2), 265-285. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061731

Miller, W. B. (1994). Childbearing motivations, desires, and intentions: A theoretical framework. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 120(2), 223- 258. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1994-40830-001

Miller, W. B. (1995). Childbearing motivation and its measurement. Journal of Biosocial Science, 27(4), 473-487. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932000023087

Miller, W. B. (2011a). Comparing the TPB and the TDIB framework. Vienna yearbook of population research, 9, 19-29. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41342799

Miller, W. B. (2011b). Differences between fertility desires and intentions: Implications for theory, research and policy. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 9, 75-98. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41342806

Miller, W. B. (2015). Childbearing motivation: Some puzzles, some solutions, and some new questions [Conference Presentation]. 43rd Annual Psychosocial Workshop, April 28-29. San Diego, CA.

Miller, W. B. (2021). Childbearing motivation and the TDIB framework: Research across the life course informs theory development [Preprint]. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.33290.80326

Miller, W. B., & Pasta, D. J. (1993). Motivational and nonmotivational determinants of child-number desires. Population and Environment, 15(2), 113-138. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02209405

Miller, W. B., Barber, J. S., & Gatny, H. H. (2013). The effects of ambivalent fertility desires on pregnancy risk in young women in the USA. Population studies, 67(1), 25-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2012.738823

Morosow, K., & Kolk, M. (2020). How does birth order and number of siblings affect fertility? A within-family comparison using Swedish register data. European Journal of Population, 36(2), 197-233. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10680-019-09525-0

Rezamahalleh, F. A., Khadivzadeh, T., & Nekah, M. A. (2020). Comparing the Childbearing Motivations of Fertile and Infertile Women in Mashhad, Iran. Journal of Midwifery & Reproductive Health, 8(4), 2429-2436. https:// doi.org/10.22038/jmrh.2019.28904.1312

Rich, S., Haintz, G. L., McKenzie, H., & Graham, M. (2021). Factors that Shape Women’s Reproductive Decision-Making: A Scoping Review. Journal of Research in Gender Studies, 11(2), 9-31. https://www.ceeol.com/search/ article-detail?id=1013489

Varas, G. V., & Borsa, J. C. (2019). Revisión Sistemática del Estudio de las Motivaciones para la Parentalidad. Estudos e Pesquisas em Psicologia, 19(1), 261-283. https://doi.org/10.12957/e2019.43019

Varas, G. V., & Borsa, J. C. (2020a). Childbearing Motivation Questionnaire: Adaptação e evidencias iniciais de validade para seu uso no Brasil. Revista Psico, 51(4), Article e36089. https://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/ojs/index.php/revistapsico/article/view/36089

Varas, G. V., & Borsa, J. C. (2020b). Motivaciones para tener y no tener hijos en Perú: variables de influencia en las decisiones reproductivas [Manuscript submitted for publication].

Varas, G. V., & Borsa, J. C. (2020c). Childbearing Motivation Questionnaire: Adaptación transcultural y evidencias de validez en Perú. Estudos de Psicologia [Manuscript in press]. https://periodicos.puc-campinas.edu.br/ estpsi/index

Varas, G. V., & Borsa, J. C. (2020d). Childbearing Motivation Questionnaire (CBQ): Análise da invariância da medida entre brasileiros e peruanos [Manuscript submitted for publication].

Varas, G. V., & Borsa, J. C. (2021). Predictor Variables of Childbearing Motivations in Brazilian Women and Men. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), 31(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-4327e3112

Wang, Jichuan, & Xiaoqian Wang. (2019). Structural equation modeling: Applications using Mplus (2nd Edition). Wiley. World Bank (April 1, 2023a). Fertility rate, total (births per woman). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN

World Bank (April 1, 2023b). Índices de Gini. https://datos.bancomundial.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI World Medical Association. (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 310(20), 2191–2194. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053

Zarzalejos, J. & Fernández, L. E. (2018). América Latina en Cifras. Fundación para el Análisis y los Estudios Sociales. FAES Fundación para el Análisis y los Estudios Sociales. https://fundacionfaes.org/wp-content/ uploads/2021/08/20181121114417america-latina-en-cifras.pdf

Reference by