This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
Acta Colombiana de Psicología complies with international intellectual property and copyright laws, and particularly with Article No. 58 of the Political Constitution of Colombia, Law No. 23 of 1982, and the Agreement No. 172 of September 30, 2010 (Universidad Católica de Colombia Intellectual Property Regulation).
Authors retain their copyright and grant to the Acta Colombiana de Psicología the right of first publication, with the work registered under Creative Commons attribution license, which allows third parties to use the published material, provided they credit the authorship of the work and the first publication in this Journal.
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to approach the meaning of love, through its written expression, in a sample of boys and girls from Metropolitan Lima, Peru, and to examine its differences according to sex and age. A total of 289 children participated in the study, divided into two samples: an exploratory sample (n = 50) and a confirmatory sample (n = 239). The study followed a mixed methodology, using thematic analysis as a qualitative technique to identify codes underlying the children’s definition of love, and hierarchical cluster analysis as a quantitative technique to generate a dendrogram. The results revealed the presence of six central categories: relationship with significant others, romanticism and self-love, characteristic relationship between adults, positive state, affectivity, and unconditional support. From this, it is concluded that the concept of love during childhood integrates three categories of the interpretative scheme of emotions: contextual or elicitor, subjective experience, and expressive/motivational tendency.
Keywords:
References
Adams, R. E., Laursen, B., & Wilder, D. (2001). Characteristics of closeness in adolescent romantic relationships. Journal of Adolescence, 24(3), 353-363. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2000.0402
Anderson, E. L., Fraser, A., Caleyachetty, R., Hardy, R., Lawlor, D. A., & Howe, L. D. (2018). Associations of adversity in childhood and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in mid-adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 76, 138-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.10.015
Aslanian, T. K. (2015). Getting behind discourses of love, care and maternalism in early childhood education. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 16(2), 153- 165. https://doi.org/10.1177/1463949115585672
Bartels, A., & Zeki, S. (2000). The neural basis of romantic love. Neuroreport, 11(17), 3829-3834. https://doi. org/10.1097/00001756-200011270-00046
Bernard, K., Hostinar, C. E., & Dozier, M. (2019). Longitudinal associations between attachment quality in infancy, C-reactive protein in early childhood, and BMI in middle childhood: Preliminary evidence from a CPSreferred sample. Attachment & Human Development, 21(1), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2018. 1541513
Berscheid, E. (2010). Love in the fourth dimension. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1146/ annurev.psych.093008.100318
Bonilla-Algovia, E., & Rivas-Rivero, E. (2020). Diseño y validación de la Escala de Mitos del Amor Romántico. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación–e Avaliação Psicológica, 4(57), 119-136. https://doi. org/10.21865/RIDEP57.4.09
Bowlby, J. (1989). Una base segura. Paidós Ibérica. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Brechet, C. (2015). Representation of romantic love in children’s drawings: Age and gender differences. Social Development, 24(3), 640-658. https://doi.org/10.1111/ sode.12113
Cannoni, E., & Bombi, A. S. (2016). Friendship and Romantic Relationships During Early and Middle Childhood. SAGE Open, 6(3), 1-12. https://doi. org/10.1177/2158244016659904
Carlson, W., & Rose, A. (2007). The Role of Reciprocity in Romantic Relationships in Middle Childhood and Early Adolescence. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 53(2). 262-290. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2007.0008
Cavanaugh, L. A., Bettman, J. R., & Luce, M. F. (2015). Feeling love and doing more for distant others: Specific positive emotions differentially affect prosocial consumption. Journal of Marketing Research, 52(5), 657- 673. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.10.0219
Chabot, S. (2008). Love and revolution. Critical Sociology, 34(6), 803-828. https://doi.org/10.1177/08969205080 95100 Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2. ª ed.). Routledge.
Connolly, J., Craig, W., Goldberg, A., & Pepler, D. (2004). Mixed-Gender Groups, Dating, and Romantic Relationships in Early Adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 14(2), 185-207. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2004.01402003.x Cooke, J. E., Stuart-Parrigon, K. L.,
Movahed-Abtahi, M., Koehn, A. J., & Kerns, K. A. (2016). Children’s emotion understanding and mother–child attachment: A meta-analysis. Emotion, 16(8), 1102-1106. https://doi. org/10.1037/emo0000221
Davis, C. G., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Larson, J. (1998). Making sense of loss and benefiting from the experience: Two construals of meaning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(2), 561-574. https://doi. org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.561
Facio, A., & Resett, S. (2007). Desarrollo de las relaciones con padres y hermanos en adolescentes argentinos. Apuntes de psicología, 25(3), 255-266. http://www.apun tesdepsicologia.es/index.php/revista/article/view/78/80
Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). Positive Emotions Broaden and Build. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 1-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-407236-7. 00001-2
Frijda, N. H., Manstead, A. S., & Bem, S. E. (2000). Emotions and belief: How feelings influence thoughts. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/ CBO9780511659904 Fromm, E. (2004). El arte de amar. Paidós.
Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1992). Age and Sex Differences in Perceptions of Networks of Personal Relationships. Child Development, 63(1), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb03599.x
Gan, G., Ma, C., & Wu, J. (2007). Data clustering: theory, algorithms, and applications. ASA-SIAM Series on Statistics and Applied Probability. https://doi. org/10.1137/1.9780898718348
Grote, N. K., & Frieze, I. H. (1994). The measurement of Friendship-based Love in intimate relationships. Personal Relationships, 1(3), 275-300. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1994.tb00066.x
Haidt, J. (2003). The moral emotions. En R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer & H. H. Goldsmith (eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 852-870). Oxford University Press.
Halfon, N., Forrest, C. B., Lerner, R. M., & Faustman, E. M. (2018). Handbook of life course health development. Springer.
Harlow, H. F. (1958). The nature of love. American psychologist, 13(12), 673-685. https://doi.org/10.1037/h00 47884
Harvey, M. W., Farrell, A. K., Imami, L., Carré, J. M., & Slatcher, R. B. (2019). Maternal attachment avoidance is linked to youth diurnal cortisol slopes in children with asthma. Attachment & Human Development, 21(1), 23- 37. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2018.1541514
Hess, C. D., Schönfeld, F., Benítez, M., Zinoni, M., Rodriguez, L. M., & Moreno, J. E. (2020). El vínculo entre abuelos y nietos: Conductas socio-educativas percibidas. Un estudio en la provincia de Entre Ríos. Revista Argentina de Ciencias del Comportamiento (RACC), 12(1), 221-222. https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/ racc/issue/view/2105/327
Johnson, R. B., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). Mixed Methods Research: A Research Paradigm Whose Time Has Come. Educational Researcher, 33(7), 14-26. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X033007014
Kassambara, A., & Mundt, F. (2020). factoextra: Extract and Visualize the Results of Multivariate Data Analyses (1.0.7) [Computer software]. https://CRAN.R-project. org/package=factoextra Klein, P. S. (1989). Young children’s understanding of love. International Journal of Early Childhood, 21(1), 27-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03174571
Lazarus, R. S. (2000). Estrés y emoción. Manejo e implicaciones en nuestra salud. Desclée de Brouwer.
Lichtenthal, W. G., Currier, J. M., Neimeyer, R. A., & Keesee, N. J. (2010). Sense and significance: A mixed methods examination of meaning making after the loss of one’s child. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(7), 791-812. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20700
Liu, X., Zhu, X. H., Qiu, P., & Chen, W. (2012). A correlation-matrix-based hierarchical clustering method for functional connectivity analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 211(1), 94-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jneumeth.2012.08.016
Lucas, H., Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Nakamura, J. (2019). Beyond-personal love–Experiencing love beyond the person. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(6), 789- 798. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1579354
Mallet, P. (2016). La amistad entre niños o adolescentes: Una fuerza que ayuda a crecer. Narcea Ediciones.
McElwain, N. L., Holland, A. S., Engle, J. M., Wong, M. S., & Emery, H. T. (2015). Child-mother attachment security and child characteristics as joint contributors to young children’s coping in a challenging situation. Infant and Child Development, 24, 414-434. https://doi. org/10.1002/icd.1886
Melgosa, J., & Melgosa, A. D. (2006). Para La Pareja: Una relación estable para toda la vida. Editorial Safeliz.
Olabuénaga, J. I. R., & Ispizua, M. A. (1989). La descodificación de la vida cotidiana: Métodos de investigación cualitativa. Universidad de Deusto.
Oros, L. B., & Richaud, M. C. (2011). Cómo inspirar emociones positivas en los niños: Una guía para la escuela y la familia. Universidad Adventista del Plata.
Oros, L. B., Schulz-Begle, A., & Vargas-Rubilar, J. (2015). Childrens Gratitude: Implication of Contextual and Demographic Variables in Argentina. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud, 13(1), 245-262. https://doi.org/10.11600/1692715x.1311 4130314
Papalia, D. E., & Martorell, G. (2017). Desarrollo humano (13. ª ed.). McGraw Hill.
Phillips, D. A., & Shonkoff, J. P. (2000). From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.1722 6/9824
Powell, H., Mihalas, S., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Suldo, S., & Daley, C. E. (2008). Mixed methods research in school psychology: A mixed methods investigation of trends in the literature. Psychology in the Schools, 45(4), 291-309. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20296
R Core Team. (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing (4.0.2) [Computer software]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/ Rousseeuw, P. J. (1987). Silhouettes: A graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 20, 53-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0427(87)90125-7
Rubin, Z. (1970). Measurement of romantic love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16(2), 265-273. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0029841
Sabelnikova, N., Kashirsky, D., & Garvard, O. (2020). Attachment and Images of Parents and of the Romantic Partner of Russian Young Men and Women. Behavioral Sciences, 10(5), 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10050087
Sabey, A. K., Rauer, A. J., Haselschwerdt, M. L., & Volling, B. (2018). Beyond “Lots of Hugs and Kisses”: Expressions of Parental Love From Parents and Their Young Children in Two-Parent, Financially Stable Families. Family Process, 57(3), 737-751. https://doi. org/10.1111/famp.12327
Scott, M. (1997). La nueva psicología del amor. Emecé Editores.
Shaver, P. R., Morgan, H. J., & Wu, S. (1996). Is love a “basic” emotion Personal Relationships, 3(1), 81-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1996.tb00105.x
Sroufe, L. A. (2005). Attachment and development: A prospective, longitudinal study from birth to adulthood. Attachment & Human Development, 7(4), 349-367. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730500365928
Tabernero, C., Serrano, A., & Mérida-Serrano, R. (2017). Estudio comparativo de la autoestima en escolares de diferente nivel socioeconómico. Psicología Educativa, 23(1), 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pse.2017.02.001
Thompson, R. A. (2008). Early attachment and later development: Familiar questions, new answers. En J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 348-365). The Guilford Press.
Van der Molen, M. W., & Molenaar, P. C. M. (1994). Cognitive psychophysiology: A window to cognitive development and brain maturation. En G. Dawson & K. W. Fischer (eds.), Human Behavior and the Developing Brain (pp. 456-490). Guilford.
Widen, S. C., & Russell, J. A. (2005). Do young children understand love as persisting? [Paper presentation]. En 17th Annual American Psychological Society Convention. Vienna, Austria.
Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Webb, H. J., Pepping, C. A., Swan, K., Merlo, O., Skinner, E. A., Avdagic, E., & Dunbar, M. (2017). Review: Is parent–child attachment a correlate of children’s emotion regulation and coping International Journal of Behavioral Development, 41(1), 74-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025415618276